Concept of the Terrestrial Ecology

Culture or tradition Essays

Culture or tradition Essays Culture or tradition Essay Culture or tradition Essay The poems, For search For My Tongue and Half-Caste are poems, which concentrate on one major factor: culture. Although the poets may hold opposing stances, these are expressed in an effective and distinctive manner. Both John Agard of Half-Caste and Sujata Bhatt of For Search For My Tongue talk passionately of their culture and tradition in emotive language.  Firstly I will discuss an idealistic yet cultural poem: For Search For My Tongue. An unordinary poem using Gujrati, phonetic Gujrati and ordinary English language structure. The poem is concerned with mother tongue (Gujrati), and how the first tongue is put on back burner; as a foreign tongue needs to be spoken. The language of the poem is like plait; this has been shown with the use of the metaphors in a rather dramatic style. Unique style and hypothesis needs to be tested. [emailprotected] Secondly the poem entitled Half-Caste: here the author takes a rather dramatic tone, although there is humour but is sarcastic and cynical. The author is a victim of prejudice and looks for acceptance as a person and explanation from those who have been prejudiced towards him. He authenticates the poem to a certain extent by illustrating his concerns by challenging the faces of prejudice.  Although the poem For Search For My Tongue has been written in two very contrasting styles, Sujata Bhatt, the author creates a sense of panic and uncertainty. Panic because she has a worry about losing the ability in speaking her mother tongue: if you had two tongues in your mouth,  and lost the first one, the mother tongue,  Here the audience is given a negative imagery of the poet. In the first section of this poem, the poet shows the importance of her Gujarati culture and the fear of losing her mother tongue, which to her means losing her identity: she says;  And if you lived in a place yu had to  speak a foreign tongue, your mother tongue would rot,  rot and die in your mouth  In the opening section Bhatt talks about the situation shes in about having two cultures: a mother tongue and a foreign tongue and feels her identity is under threat because what she feels is that what one speaks is to some extent what he is. And if you lived in a place you had to  speak a foreign tongue,  Looking at the different styles and moods of the poem, For Search For My Tongue here the reader can see that it is written in two very contrasting styles, Standard English and Gujrati as well as phonetic Gujrati:  (munay hutoo kay aakee jeebh aakee bhasha) phonetic Gujrati.  There isnt much use of punctuation, the basic: full stop, use of brackets and commas. The words in the bracket are direct in terms of being phonetically spoken. The use of the bracket not only help the reader understand the sentiments of the author but establishes how her thoughts. For Search For My Tongue, has been split into three sections. In the opening section, the scene is created immediately:  You ask me what I mean  by saying I have lost my tongue.  Here the author immediately tells the reader what the poem is about in a relaxed, casual but in a sense that it is hesitant and vague language style and corresponds it with the subsequent line in simple language. With the worry of the language being portrayed as grows backgrows longerbud opens in the mouth, are all examples, which create positive imagery of the rediscovery mother tongue. The first section of the poem is in many terms negative:  your mother tongue would rot,  rot and die in your mouth  until you had   o spit it out. As in the first section, the author talks about discovering the loss of her mother, the ability to not speaking it anymore due to having to adapt a new tongue, foreign. A tongue, which is suited by the environment. The second section, gives the reader an insight of the authors dream, in which Bhatt discovers her mother tongue, realising it was never lost, just and been put on the back burner. The dream is in phonetic Gujrati, so those who cant read Gujrati have the help of the written terms. This section of the poem shows that the author is relieved to find that that her mother tongue still remains there. The final section is in comparison with the first section as the began with a negative tone, the author expressing the loss of her mother tongue: by saying I have lost my tongue.  And the final section ending in a positive tone, as she has rediscovered her tongue in her dream. The tone takes a merriment tone:  I think Ive lost the mother tongue,  it blossoms out of my mouth.  She feels reassured. In the last section, there is a key metaphor:  the bud opens, the bud opens in my mouth,  The language is a plant, like a plait. It grows from the rot, grows longer and forms stronger than before:  grows longer, grows moist, grows strong veins,  it ties the other tongue in knots,  the bud opens, the bud opens in my mouth,  the poem remains reliable as this could happen to anyone, in a sense that what one speaks to some extent who the person is. Bhatt was at a stage where she thought she had lost her identity as person. Unlike, the previous poem, Half-caste, takes a very serious, realistic and pleading tone, although there is humour which is more cynical and sarcastic, which is used to get point across that half-caste people are the same as anyone else in the community. This poem is written in a form of prejudice. This poem, in my opinion is more serious and dramatic than For Search For My Tongue, a desperate man demanding an explanation for being a victim of prejudice. The language used in simple but there is a dialect, a Caribbean dialect.

Money and Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Money and Banking - Essay Example This is because the financial crisis has deeper roots. The global credit crunch has been traced by economists and media pundits to be caused by the sub prime mortgage crisis which has disrupted the US financial system, which effect has impacted many of the advanced economies of the world. According to the article, the ‘financialization’ of the US economy by speculative activities in order to hoard capital is the major reason for the global crisis—where the economy has overcapacity of capital but no increase in production in order to back it up. In order to understand it better, the authors have linked first the global financial crisis to the subsequent events that has appeared which may have been the trigger, but not the sole cause of it. While according to the article, this financialization process which is caused by speculation of capital increased the supply of capital in the economy, and not because of faster growth of production may have taken place a couple of decades ago, the trigger has occurred when asset bubbles appeared and the Fed has started ‘to make preemptive attacks.’ The trigger starts back after the 2000 stock market crash. According to the article, there are several policies which aimed to prevent â€Å"economic catastrophes† from happening. When the housing bubble occurred in 2006 at the same time interest rates are increased by Fed in order to regulate inflation, the housing sector as well as mortgage-backed securities faced a meltdown. This has been the start of the chain of events that lead to the global financial crisis. However, according to the authors, Fed’s efforts in order to address the crisis by bailing out several financial institutions will result in the effect that it aims to promote because the problem lies in a much deeper issue. While many economists and media pundits trace back the

Choose an international organizationand critically evaluate it in IHR Essay

Choose an international organizationand critically evaluate it in IHR as requirement - Essay Example The company stocks are listed in London Stock Exchange and are a major constituent of FTSE 100 index. The company was responsible for UK’s first mobile call on 01 January 1985 and within 15 years it became the Europe’s largest telecom company (Vodafone, 2013a). The Vodafone analogue is the first mobile phone network to be launched in UK. Vodafone Group Plc has a strong presence in Europe, Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific and United States through subsidiary networks, joint ventures and associated investment and undertakings (Vodafone, 2013b). The company offers fixed landline, cellular services, email and fixed network services. Apart from individual customers the company also provides telecom services and solutions to corporate clients. The various brands of Vodafone Group Plc are Vodafone Live, Vodafone Mobile Connect USB Modem and Vodafone Connect to friends, Vodafone Freedom Packs, Vodafone Home Amobee Solutions and Vodafone 710. The company also offers several int ernet plans tailor-made for the customers of specific countries. Apart from telecom services, the company services include the applications for mobile and communication technology in health care service sector. The Vodafone foundation provides charity, undertakes supports initiative and projects which utilize mobile technology to benefit the poor and has also worked with several charitable trusts for the betterment of society. Talent and Management Recruiting the right personnel for the right position is an integral task of the human resource manager. The task should be executed efficiently and then it would have a positive impact on the company. Talent management activities include the holistic approach to business planning and human resources, which improves the efficiency of the company and also the employee potential (Shepherd, n.d.). Talent management activities include the integration of different initiatives of the company. Firstly, it includes the organizational assessment a nd focuses on the vacant positions to be filled. This stage involves conducting interviews, psychometric testing which aligns to the competency model of the company. The potential candidate goes through a series of intensive and rigorous set of interviews. In this process the interaction level of the employer and the employee is smooth and there is an in depth analysis about the candidates potentiality. One of the major objectives of the organization would be to attract potential candidates for the suitable position through appropriate methods. Recruitment and Selection The efficiency of the organization depends upon the human resource and this is one of the prime reasons for selecting the right person for the right position. The systematic process of recruiting personnel from a qualified pool of candidates requires an effective human resource planning and determination of organizational needs (Shepherd, n.d.). The process of hiring candidates is a continuous process and is not conf ined to the formative stages of the organization. Recruitment & Selection in Vodafone The workforce at Vodafone Group Plc are recruited through two modes; internal and external sources. The internal sources of recruitment for Vodafone are as follows: Internal Sources a) Job Posting: One of the traditional methods to notify about the job vacancy is to notify through bulletin road but in contemporary management the notifications are sent through electronic mails and intranet

Virtualize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Virtualize - Essay Example i. Performance tuning. It becomes a bit more complicated to monitor performance. Performance monitors alone cannot be relied on. In the VMware environment the use of vSphere will be used. You also need to comprehend how virtual environments manage its resources. This plan is vital because this is the vital components that are used for the virtualization and this often causes the system to malfunction. This is also important so as to avoid the underutilization of the server. The installation of four high-performance guest sessions will escalate a server to 50% or 60% of the server performance. Therefore the planning phase is vital step on any Hyper-V configuration. (Dimar, 2008) This is important to the organization because it will give the glimpse of the benefit of virtualization and the cost that will be required. This cost strategy is vital in any organization to avoid losses that may be due to system failure. (Pollak, 2011) I will go on with the implementation of the strategy of implementation of a virtual infrastructure. This is because the computing operations are of multiple sites with a server count of more than 400 which is larger number. This can increase the performance of the company and may increase its profitability. (Pollak,

Benefits of Employer Sponsor Childcare

Benefits of Employer Sponsor Childcare Purpose In this paper, I will explore whether employer-sponsored childcare has any effect on attracting and retaining employees in order to make recommendations to organizations that provide employer- sponsored childcare benefits. Significance One of the primary goals of companies is to attract, hire, and retain the most competent employees. Employers are constantly researching for benefits that will attract employees, and produce a return on their investments. With the ever changing demographics of the workforce, employers are faced with the challenge of providing benefits that are attractive to their target demographics. Over the years, there has been an increase in single parent households, dual income households, and the number of women entering the workforce. Thirty years ago, just 34 percent of married couples with children younger than six were dual income households; today the figure is almost 60 percent (McIntyre, 2000). With the increase of women, and dual income households, there are more families in need of childcare. There has also been an increase in childcare expenses over the year, and employees are constantly searching for affordable childcare. Employers recognized the need for inexpensive childcare, and h ave found creative ways to provide opportunities for childcare that are affordable, accessible and available to employees (Oekerman, 1997). One of the benefits that employers are providing in response to this need is on-site childcare. By providing employer-sponsored childcare such as worksite daycare, employers are setting themselves apart from their competitors. An on-site childcare is one that is funded by the employer and the company usually pays for the start-up cost, initial operation losses and portions of the ongoing cost (Oekerman 1997, Miller 1984).. It is estimated that businesses lose nearly 3 billion dollars due to childcare- related absences (Harper, Densmore Motwani, 2001). Those who support on-site childcare claim that it increased the ability to attract employees, lowered absenteeism, improved employee attitudes, generated favorable publicity about the employer, and improved community relations (Miller, 1984). Miller (1984) also states that critics of on-site childcare argue that there is not enough documentation of savings available for the cost associated with starting and operating an on-site childcare center. Nevertheless, with an increase in single parent households, there is definitely a certain way to attract women and a diverse workforce. Yet, there are not many employers that have taken the initiative to include this as one of their benefits. As small business owner in the home healthcare field, I am interested in learning about the benefits of employer sponsored childcare. Some of the challenges home healthcare business are faced with are high turnover, and absenteeism. The workforce demographics for home healthcare companies are predominantly women, and I want to research if this will be an attractive benefit for home healthcare companies to offer. I am also interested in finding out the return on investment associated with employer-sponsored childcare, as well as other benefits that are not easily measured. As a single mother, I am interested in knowing the pros and cons of employer sponsored childcare, to aid my decision in future career endeavors. I hope to discover solid evidence that employer-sponsored childcare is effective in attracting and retaining qualified employees. If there is contrary evidence, I want know what the limitations are, and what further research is necessary in this subject matter. Scope This paper is going to explore whether employer-sponsored childcare has any effect on employees. I am going to be looking at companies that have successfully implemented this program, and how it has affected their bottom line. There are also those who believe that the absence of a childcare was not the leading cause of absenteeism, but the sickness of a child was more likely to lead to higher absenteeism (Miller, 1984). For the purpose for this research, I will focus on on-site childcare. I will touch briefly on sick-childcare. I will also be researching employer-sponsor childcare benefits from the employees point of view, and how it is valued by employees. I will not be discussing pre-paid care, such as employees childcare account benefits. I am focusing on childcare that employers are directly involved in the process. Terms Direct Care. Business provide on-site or nearby care centers for daily care, after-school programs, and summer camps (Oekerman, 1997). Indirect care. Companies contract with existing centers which provide care for employees children (Oekerman, 1997). Emergency care. Businesses arrange care for emergency care in a short time frame including care for sick children (Oekerman, 1997). Prepaid-care. Companies institute special accounts into which employees contribute pre-tax income to be used toward child care (Oekerman, 1997). Referral care. Employers contract with referral services that maintain up-to-date information on child care available in the area (Oekerman, 1997). On-site childcare. An on-site childcare is one that is funded by the employer at the job-site or at another location, and the employer usually pays the start-up and operational cost ( Oekerman, 1997). Worksite childcare. See Onsite Childcare. Absenteeism. Back-up care. Afterhours care. Are childcare services that are provided outside the normal business hour of nine to five PM. Near site. Chapter Two: Literature Review This chapter will review literature on the effect of employer sponsored childcare on employees. This section will begin with a brief overview of employer sponsored childcare, and then provide research on some of the problems identified by employees. Research on the effects of employer sponsored childcare on retention, recruiting, absenteeism, and productivity is presented next. Findings from studies on employers commitment are covered in this session, and the last session is about ethical consideration followed by a brief summary. Issues affecting employees in childcare Contrary to popular belief, employer on-site daycare is not a new phenomenon. Evidence has shown through research that employer-supported childcare extends at least as far back as the Civil War, when on-site childcare was offered to the women who sewed for soldiers (Miller, 1984, McIntyre, 2000). As more women entered the workforce in the 70s, the idea of on-site childcare expanded to hospitals, government, and private companies (McIntyre, 2000). As the country experienced labor shortage in the 90s, employers were compelled to offer benefits like on-site childcare to encourage nonworking women to join the workforce (Keyser Hartley, 2002, Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004). In 2000, it was estimated that approximately 80 % of children six and under were spending an average of 40 hours weekly in some type of non-parental care (Marshall, 2004 as cited in Sphancer Burnett-Murphy, 2006). However, quality childcare is still a major a concern for majority of parents today (Keyser Hart ley, 2002). Childcare crisis. Childcare is listed as one of the major crisiss that businesses, government and human resources department are faced with (Zampetti, 1990, Duncan, Edwards, Reynolds Alldred, 2004). However, on-site childcare is still lagging in its growth, and it has not grown as much as anticipated (Oekerman, 1997). Nevertheless, the demand for childcare has increased significantly, with the increase of women in the workforce (Keyser Hartley, 2002). It is also projected that over 85% of the workforce in the next five years will be working parents, and there has been a significant increase in the number of single parents households in recent years (Keyser Hartley, 2002). Employees are often faced with the challenge of finding quality childcare that is also convenient (Durekas, 2009). Employers on the other hand, are faced with the challenge of developing a childcare program that will work effectively for all employees, given the diversity in todays workforce (Zampetti, 1990). A s urvey conducted in 2000 showed that only nine percent of the 1000 companies with 100 or more employees survey had on-site childcare (McIntyre 2000). While this number is significantly greater now than 20 years ago, this still lags behind the demand created by the approximately nine million families with children under six years old that are in the workforce today (McIntyre, 2000, Oekerman, 1997). Childcare-related issues can hinder an employee from working at their full potential, and has led to employers losing millions of dollars due to absenteeism, decreases in productivity, high turnover, and increased training costs (Oekerman, 1997). Some of the problems cited by parents about childcare are cost, quality, availability and flexibility (Oekerman, 1997; Keyser Hartley, 2002). Research has shown that childcare issues can cause stress, tiredness, lack of motivation and loyalty, reduced productivity, unauthorized absences and accidents (Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004; Oekerman, 1997). Researchers believe that some of the problems created by childcare crisis can be eliminated or minimized by employers offering on-site childcare (Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004). Supporters of on-site childcare argue that well-designed programs can positively influence parents behaviors towards work, improve the wellbeing of children, and positively influence parents attitudes toward s their job, and life as a whole (Milkovich, 1976). Cost. The number of parents experiencing childcare crisis has significantly increased over the years (Durekas, 2009). The cost for childcare is significantly high and most low income and single parents cannot afford childcare without assistance (Harper, Densmore Motwani, 1993). Parents with more than one kid are often faced with the challenge of finding childcare programs that does not cost more than the monthly income of one of the parents (Harper, Densmore Motwani, 1993). With the current state of the economy and the increasing cost of childcare, the affordability of childcare has created a struggle for many parents (Durekas, 2009). Lack of quality and affordable childcare serves as a major barrier for women returning to the workforce (Skinner Finch, 2006). Many families turn to informal childcare options, by using family members, however, while this method is cheaper or cost effective, some researchers believe that is not as reliable as a formalized childcare facility (Hughes Gary, 2005). On-site childcare is advantageous to employees; employers often offer rates that are lower than what other childcare facilities charge in the community (Harper, Densmore Motwani, 1993). Employers usually pay for the start-up and operating cost, thereby minimizing the overall cost to employees (Oekerman, 1997; Miller 1984). Quality. Parents are interested in childcare facilities that are of high quality, to ensure the proper growth and development of their children (Abraham Bowdidge, 1990, Sphacer Bennett-Murphy, 2006). Quality is a paramount concern for parents, because studies have shown that children who attend quality preschool are more likely to graduate from high school, less likely to end up in jail, and are more likely to pursue advanced education, providing employers with a more highly-qualified workforce (Durekas, 2009; Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990). The quality of on-site childcare is viewed by employers as a driving force in attracting and retaining talented employees (Miller, 1984). Employees are attracted to such a company, because of the convenience and peace of mind that on-site childcare offers. Employees are confident that their employers will hire competent, trustworthy staff members that will deliver quality education to their little ones (Durekas, 2009). Parents are demanding hi gher quality childcare from employers, and companies that are unable to provide such options will seem less attractive to the workforce (Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990). Some employers are responding to the demand of offering quality on-site childcare benefits to their employees, by gaining accreditation from nationally recognized institutions and boards (Oekerman, 1997). Employees are no longer satisfied with the minimum standards for childcare, employees expects employers to provide a facility that is on par with other quality programs in the area (McIntyre, 2000; Cohen, 1991). Employers also see on-site childcare as a reflection of their image, and are determined to run a facility that reflects their value (Cohen, 1991, McIntyre, 2000). Running a lower quality on-site childcare can serve as a deterrent for employees to join a company (McIntyre, 2000). Availability. As more women entered the workforce, the demand for childcare has exceeded the supply (Harper, Densmore Motwani, 1993). Parents are looking for a program that is high quality and affordable (Miller 1984; McIntyre, 2000). There is also a need for childcare arrangement that is close in proximity to the parents worksite, and a facility that provide options for those that do not work during the regular business hours (Leask, 1999). Overall, parents are concerned about the location of the childcare center, the hours of operation, and the availability of space in quality childcare centers (Durekas, 2009). The demand is even higher when it in regards to on-site childcare (Miller, 1984). There are not many companies that offer on-site childcare, there by creating a greater demand for the service (Miller, 1984). On-site childcare helps to decrease the demand by providing a childcare center that operates during the companys regular business hours, and having a facility that address the needs of their current work force (Leask, 1999). Some employers offer 24 hours facilities, in direct demand of their current workforce (McIntyre, 2000). Flexibility. With the increase in single parent households, mostly run by mothers, single mothers find on-site childcare, and emergency childcare as an important tool in assisting them to find balance in their lives (Schandl, 1992). On-site childcare centers save parents time and provide flexibility, because parents do not have to drive to separate locations during their commute to work thus saving them time (Oekerman, 1997; McIntyre, 2000). On-site childcare also provides the flexibility for parents to work longer, because parents are not in a hurry to pick-up their kids before the daycare closes (Kiger, 2005). The flexibility of parents having their kids close by benefits employers, because employees are still focused on their task at hand at the end of the work day, instead of being concerned about getting to their kids childcare on time (Zampetti, 1991). It is believed that the flexibility enhances the overall productivity of employees, because flexibility reduces the overall str ess of employees which assist employees in finding a balance in their work and personal lives (Robinson, 2005). Employers response to the childcare crisis Research has shown that as the country continues to experience an increase in single parent households, most which are headed by women, the type of benefits desired by the new workforce has changed (Zampetti, 1991). Employers are searching for ways to respond to this new demand (Elskick, 2001, Durekas, 2009). Some employers have responded by offering flexible work schedules, providing daycare vouchers, reserving spots in daycares for their employees, and pooling resources to provide appealing daycare options (Hartley Kelsey, 2002, Kiger 2005). Other companies have gone above and beyond by offering on-site childcare option. Employers who have taken the initiative to provide on-site childcare state that they are seeing results in lower absenteeism, increased in productivity, higher retention and increased employee morale as well as good corporate image (Oekerman, 1997). Others argued that on-site childcare is not the only solution to the childcare issue, and actual benefits associated with on-site childcare are difficult to quantify, and many reports that these benefits have been achieved are based upon poorly designed studies, using such data as employee opinions (Lang-land Orban Malsbary, 1990). Advantages of on-site childcare Recruiting. Researchers agreed that on-site daycare is a way of attracting qualified and more diverse workforces (Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004). Quite often, companies that offer on-site childcare are on the top of the list of Best Place to Work, which make such companies attractive to jobseekers (Durekas, 2009). Publicity about a company offering on-site childcare has made companies attractive to employees, and companies are being contacted by potential employees, thus saving the company money in recruiting advertisements (Oekerman, 1997). On-site childcare has in some cases has led to companies saving money in recruiting and having a larger pool of applicants to choose from. According to Connelley, Degraff, and Willis (2004) not only can employer sponsored childcare act as a direct incentive for women to enter the labor market, but it also has the potential to attract and retain fathers of young children who seek to facilitate their wives employment or who are single parent s. Women and young families are often attracted to such companies, because it offers employees peace of mind (Schandl, 1992, Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004). The idea of having their kids only a few feet away in a safe environment creates security, which is an incentive for potential employees to be drawn to a company (Schandl, 1992). A 1997 study that was conducted by researchers at Simmons College in Boston discovered that companies with on-site childcare had 42 percent of employees named childcare as the reason they had joined the company, and one out five stated they would passed up an opportunity at another company because their desires to keep their kids at the companys child care center (Kiger, 2005). Some companies believe that without on-site childcare, they wouldnt be able to compete in a tight labor market, especially when it comes to recruiting female employees in the high-tech industry (McIntyre, 2000, Schandl, 1992). These employers believe that on-site care is a significant tool for recruiting and retaining high-tech workers (McIntyre, 2000). On-site childcare gave companies a competitive advantage against their competitions, because on-site childcare is different from traditional benefits, and it is been offered by few companies (Schandl, 1992). On-site childcare also shows an employers commitment to their employees, which sends a message that the company is invested in the wellbeing of their workforce (Durekas, 2009). On-site childcare also enhances the companys image, which make the company attractive to new and diverse talents (Durekas, 2009) Retention. There are many employers who have benefited from higher retention and performance due to on-site daycare (Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004). One such company is Abbott Laboratories, where employees with children in the on-site childcare center have a retention rate three times higher than the norm (Kiger, 2005). Employers are seeing an increase in retention, because of the flexibility and peace of mind that on-site childcare provides for parents (Casey Grzywacz, 2008). Knowing that their child is only few feet away in a quality facility, serves as a motivation for parents to remain with an employer (Friedman, 1986 as cited in Oekerman). Companies such as Procter Gamble has taken proactive steps by opening a 24 hour childcare facility to accommodate night shift workers that are unable to leave their kids home and Trout Blue Chelan Inc, has taken the initiative to run an on-site childcare facility outside the normal business hours (McIntyre, 2000). According to the manager at Procter Gamble, their new facility is demonstration of their commitment to their employees and has served as an incentive for employees to remain with the company. She further explained that it conveys a message that the employees are cared about, and this has in turn increased employees loyalty (Leask, 1999). Companies who offer on-site childcare are starting to see their employees rejecting offers from other companies, and employers are starting to view on-site childcare as a way to remain competitive in the future (Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004, Zampetti, 1991). Productivity. Researches believe that childcare-related issues can bring about stress and concerns that affect the overall productivity of an employee (Hartley Kelsey, 2002). Studies also show that companies who offered on-site childcare are experiencing an increased in productivity (Leask 1999, Zampetti, 1991). Managements at such companies believe that on-site daycare creates an environment in which employees can focus their task at hand, alleviate those concerns that serve as a distraction, and affect productivity (Zampetti, 1991). On-site childcare has led to increase in productivity because employees can now concentrate fully on their work, because they trust that their child are been taken care of my competent staff (Leask 1999; Zampetti, 1991). An example is at SAS, where parents are allowed to visit their children during the day or join them for lunch in the cafeteria. According to the company, this has enormously increased morale and performance, and the overall productivit y of employees (Leask, 1999). Absenteeism. The National Child Care Survey reported that in 1990, 15% of all employed mothers missed work due to child care problems (Hofferth, Bayfield, Deich, Holcomb, 1991 as cited in Oekerman, 1997). Employers lose millions of dollars each year due to absenteeism caused by childcare- related issues (Hartley Kelsey, 2002). According to Durekas (2009), some large employees can lose close to a million dollar each year, because of absenteeism. Absenteeism is a major concern for employers, because it affects overall productivity, and morale on the job (Miller, 1984; Hartley Kelsey, 2002). By providing on-site childcare, employers will reap the benefits of decrease absenteeism in the company as a whole (Hartley Kelsey, 2002). Employees will take fewer unscheduled days off as a result of lack of childcare (Milkovich, 1976). Employers also believe this has led to decreases in absenteeism, tardiness, accident rates, turnovers, and employee stress (Milkovich, 1976). Several studies have suggested that employers felt absence of childcare was not necessarily a cause of absenteeism among women workers, but the sickness of a child was (Miller 1984, Milkovich, 1976). Parents are more likely to take days off to tend to the well being of a sick child (Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990; Herman, Koppa Sullivan, 1999). Also, most childcare facilities have straight rules about sick children coming to childcare, because of fear of other children becoming infected (Herman, Koppa Sullivan, 1999; Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990). In those cases, parents are left with no other alternative, but to stay home with their sick child. Various companies have arranged for back-up child care, and offer emergency childcare option to help address this issue. It is believed that with backup care, a far greater number of people can be covered than conventional on-site care because it is not being used daily (Kiger, 2005). Other companies have resorted to reserving spots in lo cal child-care centers for employees emergency use (Kiger 2005). Emergency childcare has led to employees taking fewer days off, due to less severe illnesses of their children (Schandl, 1992). Some employers have addressed the absenteeism problem by providing afterhours care (Cohen, 1991). One study concluded that by providing afterhours care; companies could minimize absenteeism by 20 percent and recover the cost of an on-site center in five years (Connelly, Degraff Willis, 2004). The director of Childcare at one company describe on-site childcare as a way to create good morale, bring in younger to middle-age workers that need a second income and have a more stable attendance at work (Leask, 1999). In some cases, onsite childcare has also encouraged women employees to return to work sooner after the birth of a child, because of the companys infant daycare (Aschbacher, Burud, 1989 as cited in Oekerman 1997, Leask 1999). Women are more comfortable having their infant closer to their job, then leaving than in a childcare somewhere across town (Oekerman, 1997). She explained that parents are more secured, because if there is a problem or concern, they are only a few feet away from their little ones. Others argue that employers flexibility has an even greater impact on absenteeism, compare to on-site childcare (Miller, 1984). In a study conducted by Casey and Grzywacz (2008), the result show that an increase in perceived flexibility was associated with a decrease in sickness absences and work-related impairment and improved job commitment. Employers Image Supporters of on-site childcare see on-site benefit as a significant demonstration of the companys investment in their employees, and what result their policy on childcare will have on employees, and their overall standing in the community (Hartley Keyser, 2002). Companies that offer on-site child care argue that it is not about breaking even or quantifying the benefits. These employers believe that the savings and benefits obtain from on-site childcare programs are not necessary shown in the numbers but in things such as morale and performance, which are difficult to quantify (McIntyre, 2000; Connelley, Degraff, and Willis, 2004). Companies that sponsor child care programs believe that benefits can be seen in increased recruiting potential, morale, productivity, and quality. It is more of a moral dimension to the company, companies that provide on-site childcare believe that it not done because of profit, but providing on-site childcare is the right thing to do (McIntyre 2000). Acc ording to Kiger (2005), companies are utilizing child-care programs to mitigate one of the most painful and destructive ills of the 21st century economy: parents decreasing contact with their kids and increasing alienation from family life. On-site childcare is a way of helping to strike a balance between work and personal life and a social responsibility of employers that also creates a competitive advantage (Elswick, 2001). Employer sponsor childcare benefits is viewed as a demonstration of an employers commitment to employees and leadership in the community, which has resulted in enhanced morale and company image, as well as an increased the companys ability to attract talents (Durekas 2009). Supporters of daycare emphasize that not only is it the employers social responsibility to provide day care services, but also the employers responsibility to properly staffed and designed program (Milkovich, 1976). Disadvantages Financial. With all the benefits associated with on-site child care, such as higher retention, lower absenteeism, improved performance and high morale, there are not many companies are jumping to offer this benefit (Morrissey Warner, 2008, Kiger, 2005). A study conducted in 1998 found 8000 firms on-site or near-site care (McIntyre, 2000). Most companies are afraid to underwrite the cost of starting a new facility because onsite childcare is expensive to start and operate (Land-Lang Orban Malsbary, 1990). Although there are numerous benefits from opening an on-site childcare, many companies are not willing to commit a substantial amount for start-up cost (McIntyre, 2000). Companies also have to take into consideration the investment in land, buildings, operation of the center, and potential liability issues (Langland -Orban Malsbary, 1990). Quality childcare centers are likely to operate at a loss. The capital requirements are substantial, and actual losses and capital requirements have the potential to exceed forecasts (Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990). For example, one accounting-firm executive estimates that most hospital-sponsored childcare centers lose $250,000 to $500,000 annually (Lutz 1987, 46, 48 as cited in Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990); and another hospital-owned childcare center reports that fees cover only 75 percent of operating costs (Wayne and Burud 1986, 83 as cited in Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990). So even though state and federal government offer tax incentives, it still has not been enough to overcome companies fear of the added cost and responsibility associated with operating an on-site childcare (Kelley, 2000; McIntyre, 2000). Onsite child care centers are not viewed as money makers, in many instances companies have to subsidize the budget for the operation of one (McIntyre, 2000). Management. Many employers are not equipped to manage an on-site childcare and some authors (Langland-Orban Malsbary, 1990) suggest that employers can use many strategies to respond to employee requests for quality childcare that do not require entry into the unfamiliar childcare business or incur a substantial capital investment or operating loss. The management of on-site childcare entails different levels of expertise that companies are not necessarily equipped with (Keyser Hartley, 2002). Supporters of on-site childcare claim it is the social responsibility of employers to provide a childcare facility that is well-managed (Milkovich Gomez, 1976). Some companies hired competent childcare aides, but such individuals are not necessarily equipped to manage the day to day activities of an on-site childcare center (Keyser Hartley, 2002; Milkovich Gomez, 1976). Some Langland-Orban Malsbary (1990) further emphasized that providers of on-site childcare centers may encounter conflicts with employees, particularly regarding annual rate increases, assessing penalties to parents who are late in picking up children, or the decision to terminate the center operation. On-site childcare program is a direct reflection of employers commitment to their employees, and without effective management of on-site childcare programs, employers will be faced with dissatisfaction, and complaints from employees which will have adverse impact on recruiting and retention (Keyser Hartley, 2002; Langland-Orban Malsbary). Critics however recommend that some employers should stay away from managing on-site childcare programs, because employers that have no expertise in managing child daycare centers increases their companies financial risks. Although child-development specialists are often employed, they do not have the expertise to manage an on-site childcare (Langl and-Orban Malsbary, 1990). Return on investment. The potential to enhance employee recruitment and retention through child daycare exists, but potential savings are difficult to quantify accurately (Segal 1984 as cited in Langland-Orban). There are little to no research on the actual dollars a company saves from offering on-site childcare (Durekas, 2009; Miller 1984). Some researcher argued that a company can attract and retain employees, by offering other childcare benefits instead of investing in an on-site childcare (Zampetti, 1991). Those who support on-site childcare stressed that, the return on investment is can be found in areas such as good public image, decrease in absenteeism, increase in productivity, and employees commitment (Kelley, 2006). While the benefits are difficult to quantify, company are gaining competitive advantage which is a substantial return on investment (Zampetti, 1991; Leask, 1999). According to Durekas (2009), research has also shown a childcare center could save a business as mu ch as $500,000 annually in turnover costs-10 retained workers at $50,000 per worker. Ethical Issues Some of the ethical questions surrounding on-site childcare are: Is on-site childcare in the interest of the child? (Oekerman, 1997) and is on-site childcare fair to everyone

The Cask of Amontillado Essays -- essays research papers

The Cask of Amontillado "I must not only punish, but punish with impunity. A wrong is unredressed when retribution overtakes its redresser. It is equally unredressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong." With these ferverous words from the introductory paragraph of Edgar Allan Poe's Cask of Amontillado, the story of Montresor's revenge begins. Poe repeatedly stresses the need for revenge due to bitterness and resentment in Montresor's character towards Fortunato, but more importantly, stress is placed on revenge by which the victim realizes their injustice towards the redresser. Unfortunately, it seems that Montresor is denied this pure and encompassing revenge when his victim, Fortunato, during his last few minutes with Montresor, believes that his actions are a huge charade, and not the actions of a man scorned and seeking revenge. Although in burying Fortunato alive, Montresor is able to physically accomplish what he ultimately desired, he is left w ith an air of insatisfaction judging by his own definition of true and justified revenge. Poe shows the resentment Montresor feels towards Fortunato from the very first sentence of the story with, "The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as best I could; but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge." It is never specified what this injury was to Montresor, but it was so obviously so heinous that Fortunato was not to be spared. Later in the story, M...

Affect of Culture and Religion on Curriculum Essay

It has been observed that the teenage period of a child has been given the most important position in the life of a human being. During this age, children go across various notions of life, and concepts and ideas are matured up by them, which is used and implement by them during their lives. Therefore, growth period of a child has to be provided with good quality and matured curriculum according to his/her age. In this regard, schools play an important and crucial role in the provision of a platform that can allow, as well as, encourage the intellectual, physical, as well as, spiritual growth of the children. In formal schooling, a set of courses, as well as, its related content has been referred as a curriculum, which is provided and utilized during the study at almost every school, college, and university around the world. Curriculum consists of a number of experiences, stories, and accounts of deeds that can guide the students to understand the basic and important phases of their lives. In this respect, designing of the curriculum should be given due importance, as they can nurture and cherish human lives, as well as, deteriorate the thinking power and understanding of the humans. (Taylor, 1999, p. 171). In this regard, a number of researches have been carried out by the professionals and experts that have put light on the importance of the curriculum. Different experts have described curriculum in diverse perceptions. Some have deemed it as a social engineering arena, whereas, unintentional and undirected experiences for the cultivation of a successful adult society are some of the definitions of the curriculum. (Philip, 1993, pp. 10-12) Different and various bodies have been formed for the determination of the curriculum in different countries around the world. An external or an authoritative body can perform the role of partial, as well as, entire determination of a curriculum. For instance, the National Curriculum for England has been established in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the curriculum that is provided to the students is established by school districts individually according to the regulations of their states and requirements of their students. However, the United States Department of Education plays an important parental role for the provision of guidelines that are important and necessary for the designing of curriculum. (Allport, 1979, pp. 23-29) As earlier mentioned in the paper, curriculum plays an important role in the nurturing of a human life. Thus, the designing of the curriculum to be taught at schools, colleges, and universities cannot be ignored at all. In this regard, a number of factors are responsible for the formulation of the school curriculum. In this paper, we will try to identify, define, and evaluate some of the cultural, as well as, religious factors that influence the designing of the curricula at various schools around the world. As all cultures are quite different from one another, different and diverse understanding is provided by every culture in different perceptions. A person’s culture is rooted in quite a lot of things as mentioned earlier; language, history, geography, religion, and race. The abovementioned things play a different part in cultures, and affect reasoning in a variety of ways and areas. Religion influences nearly everything in our daily lives: from the architecture of buildings, the food we eat, and the books we read, to the rituals of marriage and death, and the customs of courtroom and government. It has been observed that for thousands of years, religion has shaped the beliefs, moral codes, national identities of millions of people, and now it should help define other cultures in the classrooms. Every thing in life has been affected as greatly by other cultures, because of the environment and culture, which developed dwellings with three-dimensional right angles. Although there are many interpretations of what defines a religion, the Oxford Dictionary describes it as the trust in and devotion of a Herculean controlling power, especially a personal God or gods, or a particular system of faith and worship, and a pursuit or interest followed with devotion. All religions, no matter who believes in them or where they originated, are convinced that they are the primary source of all correct thought and righteous action. It is widely known that, no matter who is preaching to you, they are telling you that what they believe is the truth. The fact is that all religions began as word of mouth or a generalized belief. These have been put into writing, rewritten, translated, outdated and rewritten once again. It is not likely that everything in such scriptures should be taken as the absolute truth, with no room for compromise or alternative (Taylor, 1999, p. 184). Different countries have been established on different and diverse concepts and ideologies. For instance, Christianity can be the religion of a country in the American continent, whereas, another country would have been established on the bases of Islamic thoughts and teachings. Thus, a student in the United States would have been taught by a curriculum that has been formulated on the teachings of Bible, whereas, another student in an Islamic country would be provided with a curriculum based on the teachings of Quran. However, it has been observed and noted by almost every study and researcher that every religion has given the same teachings on this earth, but only the perceptions have been different due to the different modes of revelations of the sacred teachings. In this regard, different students around the world acquire the same knowledge and concepts, but in a number of variety of perceptions. In this regard, different people may act or react in different ways, which has been due to the diverse awareness by various curricula globally. In this aspect, a field of curriculum studies has been formed for the identification, as well as, evaluation of different issues and factors that are interrelated with each other, and that play a crucial and important role in influencing the components of the curriculum. It has been observed that educational programs are influenced by cultural factors also, and different and diverse influences have been observed in different countries, as every country has its different culture, norms and values, etc. A culture of a person can be known even in minutes of first sight of a person. For instance, a person with a different culture can be known by the clothing, jewelry, body language, as well as, hairstyle. Secondly, speech and unfamiliar beliefs can provide a deep understanding of the culture that is portrayed by every human being in different parts of the world. All these distinctiveness are denotative of culture – exemplar of behavior and thinking that people living in social groups learn, create, and share. A people’s culture subsume of their beliefs, values, norms, language, style of dress, ways of cooking food, religion, jewelry, that are passed from one generation to the another. In this regard, it can be observed that curriculum is influenced greatly by the involvement of different people from different cultures around the world. (Smart, 1995, pp. 19-23) Each country has its own culture. For example, the popular culture in China has a big difference from the United States. The United States is a country full of immigrants. New York City is the capital of the world. No matter where we go, we can see people in all kinds of skin color. People came to this land to find their new life, establish families here, generation by generation. Unlike old days in China, when we saw a foreigner walk on the street, everybody will look at him. Because they are travelers, and we do not see them that often, better take a good look at them before they are gone. In the U. S, it is different; People never get excited when they see another person from different society, because we are so into a large global society. China and United States of America shares a number of cultural differences between each other, such as food, climate, religion, population, school and greeting. It has been believed by a number of people that food is very important to their culture when immigration is performed from one country to another. It has been an observation that people always try to keep their customs, norms and values in their lives. (Zhang, 2007, pp. 55-60) For instance, if an Asian person is immigrated to an American country, he/she may try to incorporate his/her practices, concepts, and habits in the American environment, which may sometimes be incompetent and not acceptable in the society. (Allport, 1979, pp. 51-55) In another example, if an educator emigrates from an Australian country to an Asian country, he may try to integrate Australian practices in the Asian curricula, which may not be appreciated or encouraged. Food is an important part of daily life for Chinese people. Chinese, not only enjoy eating, but also believe eating good food can bring harmony and closeness to the family and relationships. Chinese used to have their dinner together with all the family members, sitting around a table. China’s regional differences create problems for a definition of Chinese food. The westerner always thinks of rice. But a third of china’s people are living in north and west are tend to eat wheat and maize, and Sweet Corn in Middle, Northern, Western China. There are so many traditional and special Chinese foods, according to the folk culture, district, religion, and festival. For example, Chinese New Year, most Chinese families will eat dumplings and rice cake at midnight to cerebrate a new year. Thus, the abovementioned factors play an important role in the designing of curricula of a particular country. For instance, nodding in the vertical direction represents an affirmation in a symbolic manner. On the other hand, disapproval is represented by the nodding in the vertical direction in another country. Thus, it may sometime create confusion in people from different countries. Therefore, a curriculum should be based on the universal beliefs and a universal culture should be considered during the designing of curriculum in different parts of the world. It has been observed that a person from an Asian country would present the teachings according to his beliefs, culture, and language. On the other hand, the same teaching and lesson would be represented in other form and different perception would be represented by a person from Australian continent. Thus, different curricula are affected and influenced by a number of significant factors that are dominant in their lives. (Carrette, 1999, pp. 82-83) As earlier mentioned in the paper, different cultures, norms and values have been observed in different parts of the world. In some countries, it is a common habit that believes is advertised in virtually everything. Cars are decorated with bumper stickers, clothes with quotes, and houses with lawn decoration, etc. These habits influence the curriculum also. In some curricula, it has been observed that the abovementioned habits are portrayed through pictures and interactive activities, in order to present a realistic view of the environment of that particular country. (McGrath, 1999, pp. 77-79) For instance, curriculum of the United States may portray high scrapers and busy streets in their books. On the other hand, an African country may sketch deserts and jungles in their curriculum books, in order to present a realistic picture of the environment that their children experience in their daily lives. In this regard, the physical features of a place influence the culture and ways of living of the people, which can be seen in the curricula of that particular place easily. The abovementioned are some of the ways that religion affects the curriculum, as well as, our lives. Many people’s daily routines change because of what they believe. For example, a person goes to church every Sunday, and make sure that nothing is scheduled over top of that. (Carrette, 1999, pp. 101-103) This is one way, a curriculum can teach a child to go to the Church every Sunday. On the other hand, curriculum of an Islamic country may teach the students to pray five times a day, which is quite different from the already mentioned curriculum. However, both the curricula have provided the religious teaching to pray to God. In this way, religion do influences the style of the curriculum. However, it would be wrong to say that these factors influence the basic meaning and principles of the society. (John B. , 1940, pp. 43-45) In Buddhism, the only way that a person is guaranteed to get to Nirvana, is by giving up their lives in the name of Buddha, or for their religion. Christians change their lives to please their Creator. In the Bible, it states that ‘in everything you do, do it as unto the Lord’. This affects someone from driving a car, doing chores. With all of the trouble in our world today, it is disconcerting to know that religion is a contributing factor, and thus, these concepts affect the designing of the curriculum in almost every part of the world. In addition, one can say that culture is more significant than its distinct seeable characteristics. In this regard, if one extends this to the inner self of an individual person, such as to member within a certain society, further to the all community, possibly he or she can be able to find some answers by determining how he or she is affected by culture. In fact, thorough out the human history, culture represents a whole community. However, in order to evaluate how culture changes one’s inner values and beliefs, he or she has to define some common beliefs, just like clothing that has some features that help distinguish its cultural background. People having the same cultural background, in general, are likely to behave in a similar way, because their education and religion background have also cultural elements. In this way, the culture, as well as, the religion of a place influences the formulation of basic elements that have to be included in the curricula of the schools around the world. In some countries, a person may not be allowed to dress unethically or very casually, especially the girls in eastern countries. On the other hand, western countries may not have any problem in casual dressing by the girls. Thus, you may not find a curriculum made by an eastern authoritative body with girls wearing casual dressing, and not covering their body in strict manner. However, the curricula of the English or American schools may have pictures of girls in jeans or t-shirts, which may not be accepted in the eastern world. Thus, this has shown that the culture of a country plays a very important and crucial role in the development of set of courses to be taught at formal schools. (Ernile, 1995, pp. 20-22) Needs of an individual should be met, and good teaching can be provided to the students by a set of courses, which can then be preferred as a well-designed curriculum. Instructions that are given in the curriculum are implemented and taught by an implementer, that is, a teacher. In this regard, the set of courses that are formulated by the curriculum designers should be included with a teaching guide that may instruct and teach the teachers according to their cultural norms and values, as well as, religious principles. (Mader, 1993, pp. 65-66) It has been observed that success of a student is greatly influenced by the cultural background, as well as, socioeconomic status of a child. Thus, process of curriculum designing is affected significantly by the cultural characteristics of a place. However, American schools have the largest number of cultural variations in their classes due to masses of immigrated people in the United States. Thus, it has become very difficult for the American curriculum designers to incorporate the characteristics of different cultures into one curriculum. One of the reasons of this difficulty is that sometimes, cultures diversify each other, and that results in the opposition with each other. In the last decades, cultural and ethnically diversification has been observed in the United States, and cultural diversity has become one of the most important factors to be integrated in their curricula. (Mader, 1993, pp. 60-61) In the result, continuity and diversity is the outcome of the cultural factor that has influenced the planning of the curriculum in a significant manner. In particular, curriculum of every country has been influenced by a number of cultural and diversity factors, such as, language, religion, socioeconomic status, race, physical characteristics, etc. In addition, social values, issues, and norms are some other factors that also influence the designing and planning of the curriculum to be taught at different schools around the world. As earlier mentioned in the paper, social issues and values are different and varied in different parts of the world. In the result, diversity in different parts of a group of people can be accommodated by this variation in the students. For instance, a country may have some specific goals regarding the education, which may be different from the United States. (Ernile, 1995, pp. 33-34) Thus, beliefs and freedoms that are provided to the human lives in different parts of the world play an important role in the designing of the curriculum, which has already been discussed in the paper. For instance, sex, drug education and related programs and seminars are incorporated in the curricula of American schools. However, this kind of programs and teachings are not encouraged in the eastern schools at all, and deemed as unethical for the students. Thus, the curricula of the American schools may be planned with quite free hand and freedom, and on the other hand, the eastern curricula may be designed with more short hand and less freedom in this aspect. Thus, a number of factors influence the designing and planning of the curricula to be taught at schools in different parts of the world. These factors may be cultural, social, economical, psychological, and even spiritual in their nature. In this paper, we have tried to define, evaluate, and discuss religious and cultural factors that influence the designing and planning of the school curricula around the world. It is hoped that this paper will help the professionals, educators, and students in understanding the role of abovementioned factors in the planning of the curriculum that is one of the basic pillars of the human society. References Allport, G. (1979) The Nature of Prejudice. Massachusetts: Adison Wesley Carrette, J. (1999) Religion and Culture. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Durkheim, Ernile. (1995) The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. New York: Free Press. Hefner, Philip. (1993) The Human Factor, Evolution, Culture, and Religion. Minneapolis: Fortress. Holt, John. B. (1940) Holiness Religion: Cultural Shock and Social Organizations. American Sociological Review Vol. 5, no 3. Mader, T. E. (1993) Understanding One Another. Madison, Wisconsin: Brown & Benchmark Publishers. McGrath A. E. (1999). Science & Religion: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Smart, N. (1995) Worldviews: Cross-cultural Explorations of Human Beliefs. London: Prentice-Hall Taylor, S. (1999). Sociology Issues and Debates. London: Macmillan Press Ltd. Zhang, N. (2007). The Basic Features of Contemporary Chinese Culture. Cover feature: china today. World Literature Today.

Overview Of Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Essays

Overview Of Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Essays Overview Of Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Essay Overview Of Social Work Practice Social Work Essay Essay Instead of a public assistance province designed for old hazards, old industries and old household structures, there is a demand for an intelligent public assistance province that will be active throughout our lives, assisting people to negociate unpredictable alteration at work and place ( Page, 1999, p.306 ) Social work has evolved over many old ages and is now portion of the province proviso of public assistance. The societal work profession has non merely had to develop pattern to react to the altering demands of persons and households but besides to that of politicians. The fact that households and family fortunes do non conform to the myth of atomic household forms is non socially or professionally understood and societal policies are frequently developed on this misinterpretation ( Boylan et Al, cited in Blackwell, 2008, p.12 ) . This piece of work will discourse in brief what societal work is and how societal work pattern and societal policy, which are the policies, processs, patterns and values related to societal public assistance, should develop in response to the demographic and societal alterations that households are confronting. Social work began with the birth of the public assistance province and the Beveridge Report. Issues such as subjugation, poorness and favoritism that societal workers deal with, every bit good as the five elephantine immoralities of society, which has to be dealt with by the authorities, were all identified by Beveridge ( Young, 1995, p.85 ) . Social policies were introduced as a deliberate intercession by the province to redistribute resources amongst its citizens so as to accomplish a public assistance aim and accordingly a function was created by this system that was known as societal work ( Baldock et Al, 2003, p.8 ) . This function is cardinal to developing and presenting societal attention and back uping the demands of persons and the wider society, nevertheless it is really much influenced by the political political orientations of the authorities in power and it is necessary for societal workers to work within these restrictions. These political orientations frequently creat e inequalities in society and are one of the chief issues that societal work and societal workers must take into history. To perplex affairs further societal policy frequently involves efforts to alter current societal agreements in one manner or another ( Manning, cited in Baldock et Al, 2003, p29 ) . The 1970 Local Authorities Social Services Act that was influenced by the Seebohm Report changed societal work political orientations from that of a symptom-based attack to a needs based doctrine. This resulted in societal work going more family and community focused, concentrating on maintaining households together and stable, as they are seen to be the chief signifier of socialization for an person ( Smith and Harris, 1972 ) . The societal work profession promotes societal alteration, job resolution in human relationships and the authorization and release of people to heighten wellbeing ( Seden, 2008, cited in Blackwell, p.161 ) . To guarantee that they are rehearsing in an appropriate and constructive mode, the societal workers function has to understand the differences of a society that is culturally diverse, guarantee that oppressive and prejudiced behavior is addressed and have the ability to advance equality in all countries of a service users life. In order to efficaciously set about their function they need to use a assortment of accomplishments to turn to the barriers, inequalities and unfairnesss that persons and households face. The function they undertake is defined by six cardinal functions and national occupational criterions ( found in the GSCC Code of Practice ) , which they have to run into in order to pattern ( IFSW, 2000, online ) . Furthermore they are answerable to authorities as their professional activities are included in authorities policy guidelines ( Seden, 2008, cited in Blackwell, p.161 ) . Social work can be described in assorted ways but Payne, ( cited in Thompson, 2009 ) chiefly discusses societal work in three ways. The first being Individualism Reformism which looks at societal public assistance and societal workers as facilitators of attention ; secondly Socialist Collectivist which is more of a political attack which looks at disadvantaged and oppressed societies wherein societal workers give people the resources to get away their laden place in society and eventually, Reflexive Therapeutic which is similar to the 2nd attack but is more focussed upon a service users ain personal growing out of their deprived place. Social work has dramatically altered over the last 30 old ages, as has household life forms, which have invariably evolved, shaped and adapted to societal alterations. Harmonizing to the Cabinet Office ( 2008 ) there are a assortment of grounds doing these alterations ; although divorce rates have somewhat declined, there has been a immense diminution in matrimony as it has become more normal for people to populate with a spouse, before marrying ( if at all ) in ulterior life. The handiness of contraceptive method has farther changed the timing of the household form and there has been an addition in same sex spouses. In add-on there has been an addition in births outside of matrimony, which has besides contributed to the rise in individual parent households and people populating entirely. Work life forms have changed for both male and female, as there has been an addition in employment for adult females and a dramatic lessening for work forces, which has resulted in adult females pas sing more clip in a on the job function instead than that of the household function. The Cabinet Office ( 2008 ) advises that the hereafter will include a comparatively big population of aged people and statistics show that by 2031, the UK s population will hold grown by 6.5 million of which 85 % will be over 65. Although people are populating longer, they may non needfully be sing a good quality of life and kids progressively have to take attention of their parents ( every bit good as their kids ) , which increases the load on some households. Informal carers are forecast to turn farther due to length of service and addition in chronic disease and this will hold a dramatic impact on the function of the household in society. Furthermore, more people will stay individual, more matrimonies will stop in divorce, more people will populate entirely, and more people will populate in reconstituted households. There will be an addition in the Numberss of stepfamilies and kids will pass more clip with a stepparent, or being shared between two parents who live apart and grand parents will play an progressively bigger function in child care. Changing forms of kid bearing and partnering will make new relationships and paternal functions which include traveling from biological male parents to step-fathers ( married or single ) , resident and non-resident bio-fathers, adoptive male parents and homosexual male parents. As alterations occur in society, individualization will go on to turn which will impact the traditional gender functions of work forces and adult females. Harmonizing to Collier ( cited in Jagger et Al, 1999, p.10 ) reconceptualisation of paternity will besides impact the altering dealingss between adult females and work forces and the impression of parentage and parent-child relationships will alter which will ensue in male parents playing a assortment of functions within the household that need to be recognised. In add-on, there will be more female-headed families taking to populate without being dependent on a male breadwinner and the outloo ks sing the division of domestic labor because of the altering gender functions will increase a adult females s pick but will supply challenges to household stableness ( Lewis, 2000, p.18 ) . As the population continues to turn, the figure of people and households populating below the poorness line and in societal exclusion will increase. The future population will besides be more ethnically diverse as it will be greatly affected by in-migration, refuge searchers and refugees and the demand to back up marginalized groups will increase ( Humphries, 2008, cited in Blackwell, p.81 ) . Furthermore in-migration will ensue in the dramatic rise in the figure of individual individual families and at the same clip will lend to the addition in birth rates. Social work and policy demands to reflect these alterations and develop consequently. . In visible radiation of the Government s push towards the personalisation docket, which is ensuing in an addition in autonomous support, there will be a important impact on the function of societal workers which will intend a more originative and individual centred attack will hold to be adopted. They will nevertheless still have an of import function to play with respects to working within multi disciplinary squads, as they will convey a point of view of the whole individual instead than merely concentrating on their symptoms, disablement or fortunes. The whole theoretical account of personalisation is about giving the person the freedom and pick to take services that they believe are best for them and so societal workers will hold to set about the development of information, advice and protagonism and support planning and securities firm. In add-on, societal workers will necessitate to beef up their accomplishments and develop new 1s to go on back uping people to travel from depend ence to autonomy and will hold to work together with persons to develop new and advanced local support administrations ( SCIE, 2010, online ) . Social workers may necessitate to follow a place of modulating the new and inclusive services that are required and chosen by the person. It is proven that the personalisation docket will accomplish better results and increased control and independency for persons and the societal worker will necessitate to work aboard the person to guarantee that this takes topographic point. One of the Governments enterprises is early intercession and preventive services and the societal worker will hold to lend more to this, which will hopefully alter the focal point of reacting to immediate crises to one of forestalling them in the first topographic point. With the addition in divorce and separation, it is critical that societal workers understand the impact it has on households in general but more significantly to listen, hear and react to the demands of the kids and immature people and to give them a voice ( Boylan et Al, cited in Blackwell, 2008, p.16 ) . Furthermore society is going more multi-culturally diverse and with the addition in in-migration, societal workers will necessitate to understand different civilizations, histories, linguistic communications and traditions including that of cultural and racial differences, instruction and experience and household position. They will necessitate to guarantee that they identify with, and regard, cultural diverseness and resist racialist pattern. Powell ( 2001, p. 141 ) argues that the rise in multiculturalism underlines the demand for a critical construct of citizenship at the Centre of societal work relationships with service users. In add-on, the ageing population has serious deductions for the development of societal work peculiarly associating to anti-ageism. Last but by no means the least, there is an statement about whether the GSCC codifications of pattern, which are modelled on human rights values, should be changed to bespeak the new worlds of services and suppliers ( GSCC, 2008, online ) . Changes within society means that societal work is invariably facing existent and formidable challenges and that societal workers will necessitate to accommodate invariably and rapidly. Most societal policy in the UK reinforces the political orientation of the atomic household and authorities policy doing seems stuck in a clip deflection in non to the full recognizing a broad scope of household signifiers, including those of lone single female parents which societal policy has stigmatised ( Carabine, cited in Lewis, 2000, p.90 ) . It needs to be understood that many traditional household units represent much inequality and womens rightists still frequently place the household as a cardinal site of adult females s subjugation and development. Womans may see concealed poorness, due to the unequal allotment of money by the male breadwinner, and domestic force where adult females and kids are the chief victims. Policies need to recognize and admit that human rights are being violated in these state of affairss and should be addressed. Families will go more diverse and cohabiting, single parentage, individual parents including both male and female, stepfamilies and same- sex relationships will go more common. Negative representation of any signifier of household that is non traditional , including reconstituted households and those of assorted race needs to stop ( Alcock et Al, 2008, p. 382 ) . Policies are based on an idealized mythic impression of household life and are non fit for intent in an age of diverseness and atomization and a more inclusive definition of matrimony demands to be developed which should concentrate on diverseness. Policy responses to these alterations in household life will reflect long-standing ideological, cultural and political differences between persons and states ( Baldock, 2003, p.187 ) and the old beliefs and values in relation to welfare and societal policy should non be employed. A modern household policy will non except households based on signifier or construction and although disadvantaged groups and those who unimpeachably need aid should be targeted to enable them to accomplish their full potency through eq ual chances, societal policies should supply cosmopolitan support for every household. The effects of an aging population are considerable and will impact health care, pensions, lodging demand etc but will besides greatly act upon the familiy by altering the households construction and living agreements. Furthermore more demand and committednesss will be placed on the household as they are still seen as the chief beginning of attention of older people and much of this attention is still provided by the adult female. Although most aged people are fit and good, research by WHO ( cited in National Institute of Ageing, online ) shows an addition in chronic diseases such as cardiovascular, dementedness and Alzheimer s to call but a few and caring for their sick and aged parents will be seen as portion of a adult females s domestic duty. In add-on research ( Baldock et Al, 2003, p.177 ) shows that adult females still carry the chief function of kid attention and domestic work and their ability to come in the work force, entree resources and take on other duty is really much limited by their unpaid domestic responsibility as female parents, homemakers and carers. Harmonizing to Williams ( 1998, cited in Lewis, 2000, p.90 ) societal policy has left a bequest of characterised gendered rights and duties which meant that work forces were non the focal point of societal policy in this country due to the manner that male and female gender have been traditionally seen. However, with the challenges that households are confronting due to more adult females come ining the work force and work forces giving up paid work thereby redistributing income and wealth, societal policies should understand the place of adult females in modern society and should be important to procuring adult females s equal entree to resources in society. This should include good quality and low-cost kid or senior attention, and rescheduling services which will enable societal, instruction, conveyance and public assistance services to be more woman-friendly and user-orientated that will let flexible working times ( Lister, 2000, cited in Lewis et Al, p.23 ; 25 ) . In add-on, societal policy demands to go on recognizing the part that carers make to the public assistance of persons within households and the subsequent nest eggs that the authorities makes. Different types of support are required at different times to run into the altering single and household fortunes and household friendly policies that aim to assist households to equilibrate work and place precedences are necessary to better the household s function in caring for kids and the aged. Another cardinal issue of society that societal policies fail to back up is the inclusion of handicapped parents. Research done by CSCI ( 2009, online ) argues that policy and pattern within kids s and adults service have been developed individually which has resulted in services that addresses the peculiar person instead than that of the whole household. This creates spreads through which disabled parents and their households frequently fall. Disabled parents argue that they want support and acknowledgment as persons and to hold their parenting function recognised, as there is still much uncertainty about their capableness to parent. Policy should guarantee that consistent and comprehensive stairss are taken to make out to disenable parents and a partnership attack is the key to guaranting that the correct services and support are delivered to disenable parents and their households. The stigmatization about their inability to rear efficaciously needs to be addressed and they need to be supported to interrupt down the societal inclusion barriers that they face on a day-to-day footing. The demands of the handicapped parent/s, those of the kids and the linking demands of the whole household demand to be to the full understood by all who work with the handicapped parent and their household. CSCI ( 2009, online ) argues that the current troubles experienced by handicapped parents and their households and the deficiency of chances compared to other parents and households show that there is still much to be done at policy, operational and pattern degrees. Social policies will necessitate to be introduced which will turn to the sheer graduated table of bing kid poorness and societal exclusion and those that are at hazard of it. Poverty in childhood is the precursor of hapless wellness and instruction and other cardinal results in maturity and new effectual policies, and committedness by the authorities, needs to be planned. The income and fiscal fortunes of households have to be improved to enable kids to acquire out of poorness, which means parents working and holding support to convey together, and balance, work and household life. Schemes should include trim support to happen employment, work inducements, more flexible leave policies, fiscal support and high quality and low-cost child care ( CPAG, 2008, online ) . Children should besides be recognised as equal citizens and their voice, visibleness and engagement in the procedure of policy development, and all determinations that affect their lives, need to stay at the head of policy shapers. A organizing scheme of kid and household friendly policies that include doing kids and households a political precedence, procuring and increasing the resources of households and heightening kid development and good being that include the most vulnerable demand to be introduced. This piece of work has merely touched on some of the alterations that will impact societal work and policy and there are many others that have non been discussed. However policies should ever take into history societal divisions and differences, and it is critical that the continual tendencies and alterations are understood and societal policy adapts and responds to these. Pahl ( 2003 ) argues that social policies in the hereafter will no uncertainty go on to be a sensitive index of the current province of sentiment on the altering nature of household life and will go on to hold a powerful consequence on the life criterions and public assistance of persons within households ( cited in Baldock et Al, p.187 ) . However policy shapers tend to run outside of the existent universe and lack the apprehension of the continual shifting personal and private universe of persons for which their policies are written. The universe is invariably altering, as is humanity, society, communities, fami lies, household, people and persons and the authorities think armored combat vehicles are cognizant of the alterations we are undergoing, printing many white and green documents which address the challenges we face. Policy shapers should be trying to happen ways to break meet people s demands and advancing societal inclusion but are more likely to be found advancing behavioral alteration or interfering in people s lives. Playing a portion in tomorrows Britain and authorising people to hold pick and control may be good but is it low-cost? Although many may reason about whether we can really afford non to alter, the inquiry we should be inquiring, in visible radiation of the current fiscal clime, is whether societal work and in peculiar societal policies can financially afford to develop in response to the demographic and societal alterations? WORD COUNT 3054

Free Essays on Cell Phones 101

Each day about 30,000 people in the United States sign up for and start using a cellular phone. Therefore it is likely that you or someone you know has a cell phone and uses it on a regular basis. They are such great gadgets - with a cell phone you can talk to almost anyone from just about anywhere, because about 80% of the U.S. has coverage (Dang). But have you ever wondered how a cell phone works? One of the most interesting things about a cell phone is that it is really a radio- an extremely sophisticated radio, but a radio nonetheless. A good way to understand the sophistication of a cell phone is to compare it to a CB radio or a walkie-talkie. A CB radio is a simplex device. That is, two people communicating on a CB radio use the same frequency, so only one person can talk at a time. A cell phone is a duplex device, so it uses one frequency for talking, and a second separate frequency for listening (Dang). A CB radio has 40 channels. A cell phone can communicate on 1,664 channels. Cell phones also operate within cells and they can switch cells as they move around. Cells give cell phones incredible range. A walkie-talkie can transmit perhaps a mile. A CB radio, because it has much higher power, can transmit perhaps 5 miles. Someone using a cell phone, on the other hand, can drive clear across a city and maintain a conversation the entire time. Cells are what give a cell pho ne its incredible range (Anonymous #2). The genius of the cellular system is the realization that a city can be chopped up into small cells, and that the cells allow extensive frequency reuse across a city. Frequency reuse is what lets millions of people own cell phones without problems. It works because the carrier chops up an area to about 10 square miles (Dang). In the dark ages before cell phones, people used radiotelephones in their cars. In the radiotelephone system there was one central antenna tower per city and perhaps 25 channels available ... Free Essays on Cell Phones 101 Free Essays on Cell Phones 101 Each day about 30,000 people in the United States sign up for and start using a cellular phone. Therefore it is likely that you or someone you know has a cell phone and uses it on a regular basis. They are such great gadgets - with a cell phone you can talk to almost anyone from just about anywhere, because about 80% of the U.S. has coverage (Dang). But have you ever wondered how a cell phone works? One of the most interesting things about a cell phone is that it is really a radio- an extremely sophisticated radio, but a radio nonetheless. A good way to understand the sophistication of a cell phone is to compare it to a CB radio or a walkie-talkie. A CB radio is a simplex device. That is, two people communicating on a CB radio use the same frequency, so only one person can talk at a time. A cell phone is a duplex device, so it uses one frequency for talking, and a second separate frequency for listening (Dang). A CB radio has 40 channels. A cell phone can communicate on 1,664 channels. Cell phones also operate within cells and they can switch cells as they move around. Cells give cell phones incredible range. A walkie-talkie can transmit perhaps a mile. A CB radio, because it has much higher power, can transmit perhaps 5 miles. Someone using a cell phone, on the other hand, can drive clear across a city and maintain a conversation the entire time. Cells are what give a cell pho ne its incredible range (Anonymous #2). The genius of the cellular system is the realization that a city can be chopped up into small cells, and that the cells allow extensive frequency reuse across a city. Frequency reuse is what lets millions of people own cell phones without problems. It works because the carrier chops up an area to about 10 square miles (Dang). In the dark ages before cell phones, people used radiotelephones in their cars. In the radiotelephone system there was one central antenna tower per city and perhaps 25 channels available ...

Use of solarpanel on vehicles Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Use of solarpanel on vehicles - Research Paper Example Solar powered cars are classified as electric vehicles whose energy source is derived from solar panels. Panels produce electricity through the conversion of rays from the sun into electric energy that is later stored in batteries. The energy that is stored in the batteries runs the car. Solar energy cars are same as other everyday vehicles since they have the features of a car. They consist of wheels, a steering wheel, a motor, seats, breaks, a body and more important some form of fuel to make them operate. The only difference in solar powered cars is the kind of fuel that makes them operate. These vehicles are called solar cars because they use sunlight fuel for running. Whitwam (2014) observes that the development of solar powered cars began twenty years ago. These cars are powered by the sun. Though currently solar powered cars do not offer a practical solution to economic transportation, they are likely to play an imperative role in decreasing dependence on burning fossil fuels like diesel and petrol. Solar powered cars are expensive to make and in most cases they are designed to accommodate up to two people. They are costly to make due to the big number of delicate and expensive photovoltaic solar panels which are required to power the car. Though most solar powered vehicles have a battery backup, they can only be used effectively under the sun. Batteries store electricity when the sun is available and stored power can then be used when the sky is cloudy. Batteries used in solar cars are normally Nickel-Cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, Lithium polymer batteries or Lithium ion batteries. Cars powered by solar energy usually function in a range of between 80 and 170 volts. Wheels of solar energy cars are extremely narrow and in most cases are normally three in number. The wheels are narrow and few to minimize friction. Solar cars are usually packed in the sun when standing

What, if anything, was revolutionary about the Scientific Revolution Essay

What, if anything, was revolutionary about the Scientific Revolution - Essay Example he telescope, the dissection and the new conception of the universe will be used to discuss the causes of the Scientific Revolution as well as illustrate how the Scientific Revolution influenced society then and now. Before the mid-1500s, when the Scientific Revolution is generally agreed to have had its start, ideas regarding medicine, the body and the universe were not based on the same sorts of observations that are available to us today. For those who considered the placement of the earth in relation to the universe, it was understood that the earth was at the center with concentric bands of water, air and fire surrounding it. Surrounding these were further bands of the stellar spheres with Jesus and the saints existing even beyond the outermost stellar sphere. Another conception of the universe, the Ptolemaic Universe, was described as consisting of two spheres, the inner one was the earth and the outer one, the remainder of the universe, revolved around this inner core. These images originating in scientific books on the subject produced in this period help to illustrate the depth to which these ideas, born of Biblical interpretations, were believed. However, touching off the debate that w ould eventually change the world, Copernicus wrote to Pope Paul III regarding his soon-to-be published and revolutionary idea that the earth revolved around the sun rather than the other way around (Copernicus 1543 cited in Levick, 2004: 524). Fearful of the backlash his observations might have on a public firmly entrenched in the idea of being central to the universe, Copernicus was working to gain the support of the Pope by pointing out the purely mathematical means by which he came to his conclusions as well as the support he found for this idea in ancient texts. In this letter, he informs the Pope that it is only by assuming a motion of the earth in addition to the observed motions of the other planets can the universe possibly retain its apparent