Training and Development (7) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Training and Development (7) - Assignment Example The career development model would set specific target for employees, and therefore employees may be eager to achieve their targets as fast as possible. In order to gain better career achievements, employees necessarily need to develop improved skills and capabilities. Hence, effective career management would encourage employees to actively participate in development activities. In short, career development model would greatly assist organizations to implement their training programs and development activities successfully. Benefits of Career Development to Companies Generally, companies are very interested in helping employees to plan their career because this strategy benefits firms to achieve their short term as well as long term objectives successfully. As discussed earlier, the career development model would assist companies to keep its employees motivated (career motivation) and this situation in turn may assist organizations to reduce issues like absenteeism and staff turnover to a great extent. As Lindner (1998) points out, motivated employees would be more productive relative to others and hence an organization can improve its profitability by helping employees plan their career. Another benefit of this policy is that it would assist companies to minimize worksite conflicts to a large extent, because motivated employees will always try to contribute to team efforts. However, companies also face some challenges while helping employees to plan their career. First, organizations need to raise additional funds to finance the career development program. Secondly, a firm’s top management has to spend a considerable amount of time to operate the career development model. Components of Career Motivation Career resilience, career insight, and career identity are the three components of career motivation. Career resilience can be simply defined as the extent to which employees are capable of managing the problems that affect the efficiency of their work. â€Å"Career insight involves (1) how much employees know about their interests and their skill strengths and weaknesses and (2) their awareness of how these perceptions relate to their career goals† (Chapter 11). Finally, career identity refers to the extent to which employees are able to define their personal values in accordance with their nature of work. Career resilience is identified to be the most important component of career motivation whereas career insight appears to be the least important component. The level of career resilience is an important determinant of an employee’s commitment to the company. Hence, an employee with high level of career resilience can easily deal with his/her worksite problems and thereby contribute to the firm’s overall productivity. In contrast, an employee’s career insight does not directly influence the company’s operational efficiency as this component specifically relates to the employee’s career go als. Psychological Contract A psychological contract can be defined as â€Å"the expectations that employers and employees have about each other† (Chapter 11). The psychological contract reflects the view that the organization would provide long term employment and development opportunities to its employees if they stay with the company and maintain high level job performance. Pay increases and promotion may be the major

THE Nuremberg Trials Essay Example for Free

THE Nuremberg Trials Essay Section 1: Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hypotheses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Importance of Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Methodology Section 2: Presentation and Analysis of Data   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (a) The Need for Gaining Justice: Holocaust’s History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (b) The Victims to Whom Justice Must be Rendered Section 3: Topic Summary Section 4: End Notes    The Nuremberg Trial Section 1: Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Holocaust had been a great mark in the pages of human history. Understandably, the ones who were involved within the situation as the victims certainly need to realize the fact that they are given the justice that they primarily deserve. Justice is one particular thing that could at least ease the pain of the family members of the victims if not the victims themselves of the said historical event. The establishment of the legalities of the matter through the Nuremberg trials actually notes the possible ways by which the said victims could be given the justice that they deserve. Hypotheses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The need for justice is an evident right of all human beings. Understandably, through the Nuremberg trials, this particular right of the victimized individuals during the Nazi regime shall be given attention through legal measures and investigations and punishment for those who have been found guilty of the massive human death that happened during the holocaust. Importance of Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understanding history and knowing that whatever injustices happened back then are given the chance to be straightened out later on through legal terms gives the society a better vision on the strength of legal institutions to take careful hold of upholding the idealisms of human rights. This gives the entire human society a better view of how the legal system works and how justice is applied even upon those who were powerful in government office. Justice served through careful investigation and rightful punishment stand as the proof of the strength of the legal systems to imply rightful justice for the victims of any war era which would rather give relief to those who were victimized as well as to their family members whom they may have left if they unfortunately died during the said dreadful events in the past. Methodology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be able to garner the rightful foundation of the discussion that shall be presented herein, the researcher is to use the history of holocaust as a primary basis as to how the Nuremberg trial developed towards the aim of finding the right people who are supposed to answer for the deaths of many people during World War II. Later on, the discussion on the proceedings with which the idea of setting up a Nuremberg Trial shall also be given explanation thus giving a clear discussion on how the said system of justice and punishment works and how it particularly gave the martyrs and the victims a sense of justice from all the dreadful things that they have experienced during the Second World War. Section 2: Presentation and Analysis of Data (a) The Need for Gaining Justice: Holocaust’s History HOLOCAUST—what does it mean? According to some dictionaries, it was the genocidal slaughter of European Jews by the Nazis during World War  II. This could easily give the impression that only Jews suffered and died at the hands of the Nazis. Yet, are justice and truth served in having â€Å"Holocaust† apply only to the Jewish victims of the Nazi era? Writer Richard Lukas states: â€Å"The word Holocaust suggests to most people the tragedy the Jews experienced under the Germans during World War  II. From a psychological point of view, it is understandable why Jews today prefer that the term refer exclusively to the Jewish experience .  .  . Yet, by excluding others from inclusion in the Holocaust, the horrors that Poles, other Slavs, and Gypsies endured at the hands of the Nazis are often ignored, if not forgotten.† Lukas also states: â€Å"To them [the historians], the Holocaust was unique to the Jews, and they therefore have had little or nothing to say about the nine million Gentiles, including three million [Gentile] Poles, who also perished in the greatest tragedy the world has ever known.† When Hitler’s armies invaded Poland in September 1939, they were under orders to carry out Hitler’s policy of obtaining Lebensraum, living space, for the German people. As Richard Lukas states: â€Å"To the Nazis, the Poles were Untermenschen (subhumans) who occupied a land which was part of the Lebensraum (living space) coveted by the superior German race.† Thus, Hitler authorized his troops to kill â€Å"without pity or mercy all men, women, and children of Polish descent or language. Only in this way can we obtain the living space we need.† (Rule of Law, Internet) September 1939 started a relentless horror for the Polish people. Hitler had stated: â€Å"The war is to be a war of annihilation.† Hitler’s henchman Heinrich Himmler declared: â€Å"All Poles will disappear from the world. .  .  . It is essential that the great German people should consider it as a major task to destroy all Poles.† Thus, the Holocaust was not aimed at just Polish Jews; it was aimed at â€Å"all Poles.† â€Å"Terror was applied in all occupied countries. .  .  . But in Poland everyone was subject to such brutality, and mass executions based on the principle of collective guilt were far more frequent, because every Pole, regardless of age, sex, or health, was a member of a condemned nation—condemned by the policy-makers in the Nazi party and government,† states Catherine Leach, translator of the Polish book Values and Violence in Auschwitz. She states that Himmler viewed the Poles as a lower race to be kept in serfdom. â€Å"Even after Poland’s surrender [September 28, 1939], the Wehrmacht [German army] continued to take seriously Hitler’s admonition of August 22, 1939, when he authorized killing ‘without pity or mercy all men, women, and children of Polish descent or language.’† How could the German army and the SS be motivated to such pitiless murder? By being saturated with the teaching of the supremacy of the Aryan race and the inferiority of all others. Thus, as Lukas states in The Forgotten Holocaust: â€Å"The Nazi theory of colonial empire in Poland was based on the denial of humanity to the Poles whom, next to the Jews, Hitler hated the most.† In his introduction to the book Commandant of Auschwitz, Lord Russell of Liverpool said: â€Å"During the war probably not less than twelve million men, women, and children from the invaded and occupied territories were done to death by the Germans. At a conservative estimate, eight million of them perished in concentration camps. Of these, not less than five million were Jews. .  .  . The real number, however, will never be known.† On the basis of these figures alone, at least seven million victims were not Jews. Another testimony is that of Catherine Leach, who writes: â€Å"Poland was the first country to be subjected to Hitler’s ‘negative demographic policy,’ whose purpose was to prepare the vast territories in ‘The East’ for German resettlement, and Poland suffered the greatest losses in life of all the occupied countries—220 per 1000 inhabitants. Polish sources state that no less than 6,028,000 Polish citizens .  .  . lost their lives.† Of these, 3,200,000 were Jews. That means that nearly 50% of the Polish dead were non-Jews. (Conquest, 1990, 92) Indisputably, there has been a â€Å"Forgotten Holocaust† of millions of non-Jewish victims, mainly of Slavic origin. These include the millions of Russians slaughtered by the Nazis. Those Russians had no choice (Conquest, 1990, 92). By reason of Nazi racial doctrine, they were inexorably condemned to death. Yet, these statistics fail to take into account the thousands of non-Jewish Germans who also suffered as victims of the Holocaust for daring to oppose Hitler and his racist supremacy philosophy. Among these were thousands of Jehovah’s Witnesses who refused to collaborate in Hitler’s militaristic pretensions (Conquest, 1990, 92). Yes, sprinkled across Germany and the Nazi-occupied countries were thousands of people who made a deliberate choice that led to the concentration camps and to death for many as martyrs. (b) The Victims to Whom Justice Must be Rendered WHY make a distinction between victims and martyrs? Because all those who suffered as a result of the Holocaust were victims, but only a minority were truly martyrs in the strict sense of the word. What is the difference (Bauer, 1972, 1300). A victim is â€Å"someone who is put to death or subjected to torture or suffering by another.† Victims usually have no choice. A martyr is â€Å"one who chooses to suffer death rather than renounce religious principles† or â€Å"one who sacrifices something very important to him in order to further a belief, cause, or principle.† (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language) Thus, the victim is usually involuntary, while the martyr is voluntary. In a conference on the non-Jewish victims of the Nazis, Dr.  Gordon Zahn, University of Massachusetts, defined the Nazis’ victims under three headings: (1) those who suffered for what they were—Jews, Slavs, Gypsies; (2) those who suffered for what they did—homosexuals, political activists, and resisters; (3) and those who suffered for what they refused to do—conscientious objectors. Millions of Jews suffered and died simply because they were Jews in the ethnic sense. It mattered not to Hitler’s henchmen whether they were Orthodox or atheistic Jews (Shnayerson, 1996, 132). They were condemned to the â€Å"final solution,† or extermination, as Hitler’s method of ridding Europe of all Jews was called. Likewise, the Slavs, who for Hitler’s crusade were mainly the Poles, Russians, and Ukrainians, were condemned just for being Slavic, ‘an inferior race’ in comparison to the â€Å"supreme† Aryan stock. The existence of the major victims of the history of holocaust primarily shouts out towards the legal systems at present to be able to gain the justice that they believe they deserve as primary receivers of the hideous situations of those times. This is the reason why the introduction of the Nuremberg trials actually answers this particular need, not only to give justice to the people who were directly affected by the said history but also to clarify the names who are really involved with the said situation in the past. In connection with the Nuremberg (Germany) trial of Nazi war criminals after World War II, the Nuremberg Law that was followed was this: â€Å"Patriotic obedience in crime does not establish innocence.†   Ã‚   The development of the Nuremberg trials started during the end of the Second World War when the victims of the Nazi regime began to cry out for the justice that they ought to receive. Having the people responsible for what has happened back then was believed to be a great relief to the depression that such victims felt after the war years. Their recovery of the dreadful experiences that they have dealt with during the war years is the utmost concern of such proceedings. Moreover, the said trial tries to identify the culprits behind the holocaust murder to give a statement that such acts of inhumane treatment deserves to be punished and shall never be overlooked by the legal systems established by the alliance of the different nations from then until the present days. It was primarily the symbol of the beginning of the recognition of human rights that is supposed to mark the minds of those who are still planning to do the same thing as Hitler himself did along with his comrades. Section 3: Topic Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   History would be history, but the indications of truth that it leaves the human civilization are reactive up until the present years of human living. The Nuremberg Trial remains to be among the huge indications that history actually impacts the legal systems until the current generations of human civilization. Likely, this system of historical impact in the legal systems does more than just address the needs of war victims. It also developed a more systematic process of which the human rights would be safeguarded even during war situations in case they would occur. This particular part of history is indeed a primary reason why it is important to turn one’s back to the past and learn something from what has happened before to have things run smoothly at present for everyone living in the human society. Section 4: End Notes # John Crossland Churchill: execute Hitler without trial in The Sunday Times, January 1, 2006 # ^ Tehran Conference: Tripartite Dinner Meeting November 29, 1943 Soviet Embassy, 8:30 PM # Judgement : The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity contained in the Avalon Project archive at Yale Law School. but by 1939 these rules laid down in the [Hague] Convention [of 1907] were recognized by all civilized nations, and were regarded as being declaratory of the laws and customs of war # ^Trial of Otto Skorzeny and Others, General Military Government Court of the U.S. Zone of Germany, 18 August to 9 September 1947. Bibliography # Conquest, Robert. The Great Terror A Reassessment London: Oxford University Press, 1990 page 92. # Bauer, Eddy. The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War II Volume 22 New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation 1972 page 3071. # Robert Shnayerson. Judgment at Nuremberg: Fifty years ago the trial of Nazi war criminals ended: the world had witnessed the rule of law invoked to punish unspeakable atrocities. From Smithsonian magazine, October 1996, pp. 124–141. 1996. # The Rule of Law. http://law.wustl.edu/alumni/magazine/spring2002/01_rule_of_law.pdf. (June 29, 2008). # Trial of Otto Skorzeny and Others, General Military Government Court of the U.S. Zone of Germany, 18 August to 9 September 1947. (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language)

sassoon :: essays research papers

In the early 20th century, many poets began to undertake a broad literary movement which was a reaction against the Romanticism of the 19th century, the purpose of which was to depict more realistic situations, rather than the more sentimental aspects of the poems that preceded them. The effects of World War I, which lasted from 1914 to 1918, had a great effect on this â€Å"modernist† movement. In Siegfried Sassoon’s â€Å"A Working Party,† we can begin to see this modern realism through the use of hard, dry, precise description, traditionally unpoetic language, and the juxtaposition of the personal and universal war experience, as an expression of the poet’s views of the harshness and horror of a world war. In contrast to Romanticism, which was often characterized by the use of vague language, Sassoon makes use of exact, descriptive verbs in the first stanza, which describes the unnamed soldier walking through the trench. However, Sassoon never uses a word as vague as â€Å"walking†; he employs verbs such as â€Å"blundered,† â€Å"sliding,† â€Å"poising,† â€Å"groping,† â€Å"tripped,† and â€Å"lurched.† By using these exact words, Sassoon is able to make a statement on the individual level about the difficulty of life in the trenches of the war. By using â€Å"blundered,† the poet is suggesting a difficult journey, one where perhaps he was having trouble getting footing or keeping his balance. This is further suggested with the use of â€Å"groping with his boots.† The word â€Å"groping† connotes the soldier having no sense of direction in his actions. He does not know where he is going, as if he is completely u naware of what is in front of him; symbolically, this represents the ignorance that the individual soldier has about the future of war, and consequently, his own future. By showing us a soldier who is tripping and lurching along the walls of a damp trench, Sassoon is showing us one aspect of the harshness of the war experience on the personal level. In addition to his use of exact verbs, Sassoon also employs deliberately unpoetic language as a means of de-romanticizing the war experience. This is seen in the phrase, â€Å"Often splashing/Wretchedly where the sludge was ankle-deep.† This is clearly not a poetic-sounding line by the standards of nineteenth century poetry; a Romantic poet would not have seen the word â€Å"sludge† as worthy of being used in a poem. It simply is not a pleasant image, and the image of a soldier, another idea that was often Romanticized prior to the twentieth century, trodding through disgusting sludge is not a pleasant image either.

Crumbling Dreams in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death Salesman essays

Crumbling Dreams in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman is a play best summed up in its title, it is just that, the death of a salesman. This death is not necessarily the physical end to a human life, but the crumbling end to the dreams of Willie Loman, the play's main character. The three main parts to Willie's world are his job, his family, and his image as seen by the rest of the world. Although these parts are interwoven and interrelated, they are best divided and given separate analysis. The first part of Willie's world is his job. Willie is a salesman for a large company in New York. Willie's self-image and much of his self-worth are based in his job. In his own mind he is still as he used to be, well known and well respected among the clientele in the New England area. Things have changed though and the people Willie once knew in the business are no longer there and he no longer has the connections he once had. His inability to cope with and adapt to this changing business has caused, among other things, a loss in pay. Willie has lost his competitive edge, and with it his feeling of self worth and identity. The second part of Willie's world is his family, more specifically his son, Biff. Biff is the firstborn and favorite son of Willie. Willie has high expectations of, and transfers his dreams, as so many fathers do, onto Biff. Biff can not live up to the expectations of his father and has dreams of his own which cause Willie to see him as a loafer, a shiftless bum with no desire to succeed. Although Willie's dreams are not realized in Biff, his son's respect is still important. This respect is lost when Biff catches his father in an affair with a young lady. Even though this is not talked about (Biff never told anyone, not even his mother) it still creates tension and causes Biff to lose the respect he once held for Willie. Willie's main philosophy in life is "Be liked and you will never want" and this is the cause of the problems in the third part of Willie's life, his image. Image is everything to Willie. In his past he was a well liked, well known, respected man who turned his image into his success, but his image has changed.

Lodge’s narrative technique Essay

Abstraction: David Lodge ( 1936- ) is extremely respected and regarded as a critic and author who is profilic in both Fieldss in modern British. As a author. David Lodge is chiefly celebrated for his academic novels particularly his Campus Trilogy: Changing Topographic points. Small World and Nice Work in 70-80 in the 20 century. Campus Trilogy is regarded as the research object in the paper. This thesis attempts to do a comprehensive survey of Campus Trilogy from Narratology Angle. It wonders to detect the undetected deduction in the narrative plants to make full the space in this country of research by the macroscopic analysis and microscopic examination. The thesis consists of four chapters. Introduction includes a brief debut to David Lodge. his literary accomplishments. his representative plants Campus Trilogy. its literary reappraisal and the significance of the thesis. In add-on. the constructs and methods are merely presented. Chapter I outlines Narrative Structure of Campus Trilogy. By set uping the binary opposite smudge construction in the clip and infinite which lays out intricately. it makes the fresh fascinating but needs readers to read the novels caregully. Chapter II demonstrates Campus Trilogy from Narrative Perspective. The writer organizes the different focal point manners to run into the author’s need by agencies of different characteristics of the focal point manners. This refelcts Lodge’s academic point of views from one side: oppose the Jacobinic sentiment of The Death of Author. Lodge uses the altering focal point to do you cognize what he wants you to cognize and and hide what he doesen’t want you to cognize. It gives the readers to conceive of and think. Meanwhile the narrative voices in Lodge’s novels are. fro one clip. individual. for other clip. multi-voices with those of the existent writer. implied writer. storyteller. and characters. He manages the diffi cult and soft voices as per the demands of his plants. Chapter III trades with the Meta-fiction narrative techinque utilizing in Campus Trilogy. The writer masters the accomplishment of Parody and Collage to interrupt the true consequence of the narrative. It exposes the fiction of the novels by itself and subverts the readers’expectation. Otherwise it makes the reader maintain the critical attitude to believe the relationship between the world and novelistic. Chapter IV explores the narrative technique of Irony in Campus Trilogy. Lodge hides his point of view by puting the dry characters. sarcasm of state of affairs and dry allusions. Readers are in aesthetic. emotional and ethical multiple state of affairss and dry allusions. The kernel of the manner to success of the bookmans is making the primitve and coarse natural degree of being. They achieve slef-destruction successfully. They lost the humanity spirit non merely owing to the infinite enlargement of the economic system. but besides the divergence and treachery of the humani stic disciplines bookmans. In a word. though Lodge’s novels contain the deep implied significances. they have the strong readability. On the one manus. David Lodge indulges himself to the assorted experimental accomplishments of Meta-fiction. so some of the critics classify him to be a post-modernism novelist. On the other manus. as a traditional author. he has a pots of historical and societal mission. He doesn’t give up the basic traditional realist. The scholar life in Campus Trilogy is based on his ain personal experience or the familliar personal businesss around. It makes the readers know the life of the schilars in the Ivory Tower. In the average clip. his novels reveal the degeneracy of the humanity in the modern society. Consequently his Campus Trilogy hovers among pragmatism. modernism. and post-modernism but non simple post-modernism narratology.

An Introduction to the Jack the Ripper Mystery

An Introduction to the Jack the Ripper Mystery Someone in London murdered and mutilated a number of prostitutes during the autumn of 1888; the press went into a frenzy, politicians pointed the finger at each other, hoaxers polluted the investigation, and one of several nicknames stuck: Jack the Ripper. Over a century later, Jacks identity has never been wholly proven (there isnt even a leading suspect), most aspects of the case are still debated, and the Ripper is an infamous cultural bogeyman. The Enduring Mystery The Rippers identity has never been established and people have never stopped looking: the publishing rates average is a new book a year since 1888 (although most of these have come in recent decades). Unfortunately, the wealth of Ripper source material - letters, reports, diaries,  and photographs - provides enough depth for detailed and fascinating research, but too few facts for any incontrovertible conclusions. Just about everything about Jack the Ripper is open to debate and the best you can get is a consensus. People are still finding new suspects  or new ways to reframe old suspects, and books are still flying off the shelves. There is no better mystery. The Crimes Traditionally, Jack the Ripper is considered to have killed five women, all London prostitutes, during 1888: Mary Ann Polly Nichols on August 31, Annie Chapman on September 8, Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes on September 30 and Mary Jane (Marie Jeanette) Kelly on November 9. In practice, there is no agreed list: the most popular change is to discount Stride and/or Kelly, sometimes adding Martha Tabram, killed August 7th. Authors naming more than eight have achieved very little consensus. At the time Polly Nichols was sometimes considered the second or third person to have been killed by the same person, and plenty of later investigators have searched the world in search of similar killings to see if the Ripper moved on. The Ripper generally killed by strangling his victims, then laying them down and cutting the arteries in their throats; this was followed by a varied process of mutilation, during which parts of the body were removed and kept. Because Jack did this quickly, often in the dark, and because he seemed to have great anatomical knowledge, people have assumed the Ripper had a doctors or surgeons training. As with much of the case, there is no consensus - a contemporary thought him simply a blunderer. There have been accusations that the missing organs werent stolen from the bodies by the Ripper, but by people dealing with them later. Evidence for this is scant. The Letters and Nicknames During the autumn and winter of 1888/89, a number of letters circulated among the police and newspapers, all claiming to be from the Whitechapel murderer; these include the From Hell letter and one accompanied by part of a kidney (which may have matched a kidney taken from one of the victims, but like everything Jack, were not a hundred percent sure). Ripperologists consider most, if not all, of the letters to be hoaxes, but their impact at the time was considerable, if only because one contained the first use of Jack the Ripper, a nickname the papers swiftly adopted and which is now synonymous. Horror, Media, and Culture The Ripper killings were neither obscure nor ignored at the time. There was gossip and fear in the streets, questions at high levels of government,  and offers of rewards and resignations when nobody was caught. Political reformers used the Ripper in arguments and policemen struggled with the limited techniques of the time. Indeed, the Ripper case remained high profile enough for many of the police involved to write private accounts years later. However, it was the media who made Jack the Ripper. By 1888, literacy was common amongst the crowded citizens of London and newspapers reacted to the Whitechapel Murderer, whom they initially christened Leather Apron, with the frenzy we expect from modern tabloids, stirring opinions, fact,  and theory – along with the probably hoaxed Ripper letters – together to create a legend which seeped into popular culture. From the very start, Jack doubled as a figure from the horror genre, a bogeyman to scare your kids. A century later, Jack the Ripper is still hugely famous world over, an unknown criminal at the center of a global manhunt. But he is more than that, hes the focus of novels, films, musicals,  and even a six-inch high model plastic figure. Jack the Ripper was the first serial killer adopted by the modern media age and hes been at the forefront ever since, mirroring the evolution of western culture. Will the Mystery Be Solved? Its extremely unlikely anyone will be able to use the existing evidence to prove, beyond all reasonable doubt, who Jack the Ripper was and, while people are still uncovering material, the discovery of something unarguable has to be regarded as a long-shot. Fortunately, the mystery is so fascinating because you can do your own reading, draw your own conclusions and, with some critical thinking, generally have as much chance of being right as everyone else! Suspects range from people the detectives at the time suspected (such as George Chapman / Klosowski), to a whole gallery of strange suggestions, which include no less than Lewis Carroll, a royal doctor, Inspector Abberline himself, and someone who even blamed their relative decades later after finding some tenuous items.

The Issue of Conserving the Environment in the US

The Issue of Conserving the Environment in the US Tidwell talks about the issue of global warming, which has been termed in the academic circles as the global commons. The United States, just like other countries in the world, is being faced with the issue of conserving the environment in order to resolve the issue of global warming. In the United States, the water bodies are polluted each day, dust and gases are in the air, and the surrounding is full of waste products. This has an effect to the environment, which threatens the world security.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Issue of Conserving the Environment in the US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Environmental degradation is a global common because pollution in one country would probably affect the health of individuals in other countries. As the president was meeting other heads of states from all over the world, the issue of conserving the environment in the US was still a matter of concern, just in the same way as states have continuously failed to come up with a single policy to address the problems affecting the environment. Based on this issue, Tadwell advises Americans to neglect the policies that urge them to protect the environment at the individual level. This is because real pollution is caused by companies, which are never given regulatory policies to guide their production. For real environmental conservation, Tadwell advises that citizens should stop giving in to the tricks of the government and lobby the parliament to come up with laws that would lead to real environmental conservation. In this regard, environmentalists should employ the techniques utilized by the civil groups in 1960s, such as demonstration, to lobby politicians to design environmentally friendly laws. In the United States, there are quite a number of green gestures, but little political action. This means that various groups are willing to conserve the environment, but there is no political goodwill . He observes that the former president, George W. Bush, encouraged individuals to take the initiative of conserving the environment, but pollution rates have never changed. The country needs to come up with strong policies that would ensure the problem of global warming is resolved. The consequences of global warming are stern because some parts of the world might be extinct. For instance, some Irelands such as the Eastern Shores may join others, which will bring about conflicts. Hurricane, which is related to global warming, will bring about untold suffering. Therefore, it is upon Americans to come up with strategies that would prevent all these. The main solution to the problem of global warming is agitating for sustainable development. This means that today’s production should take into consideration the future generation. In this case, production should be friendly to the environment to prevent global warming.Advertising Looking for essay on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The future generation would have nothing to produce in case the rate at which the environment is being destroyed persists. Tadwell advises that the only way to ensure sustainability is through formulation of laws. He compares global warming to segregation. Segregation was a policy that had oppressed and subjugated many people in the United States. It was easy to end the policy through the designing of the appropriate law. Therefore, laws should be designed at both national and international level. The government of the United States should come with strong laws to punish those who destroy the environment. Similarly, the US should facilitate the crafting of the international environmental law. The only solution to pollution is the designing of laws.

Double Standard Of Masculinity In Gender Role Soci Essays - Gender

Double Standard Of Masculinity In Gender Role Soci Essays - Gender Double Standard Of Masculinity In Gender Role Socialization Double Standard of Masculinity in Gender Role Socialization Masculinity is a topic that has been debated in our society extensively, through research as well as in informal settings. Many wonder what it means to be masculine, and if we can really assign a definition to such a subjective term. After all, shouldn't one's own perception be the determinant of what constitutes masculinity? This self-construction would be the ideal in our society, but unfortunately, it represents a false belief. Masculinity has certain characteristics assigned to it by our culture. In this paper I will explore the many facets of masculinity and demonstrate how certain beliefs pertaining to it are perpetuated in our society. I will also uncover many of the contradictions between society's assigned definition of masculinity and the expectation that males will somehow learn how to act contrary to that assigned and learned meaning. Definition of Masculinity Men are primarily and secondarily socialized into believing certain characteristics are definitive in determining their manliness and masculinity. These characteristics range from not crying when they get hurt to being and playing violently. The socialization of masculinity in our society begins as early as the first stages of infancy. A child's burgeoning sense of self or self-concept is a result of the multitude of ideas, attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs to which he is exposed (Witt 1997). Later in this paper the question of whether there are genetic factors will be discussed. However, to further my argument at this point, I will discuss masculinity as it is socially defined. From the outset of a boy's life he is socialized into the belief that he should be 'tough'. Often when boys get hurt, 'scrape their knee', or come whimpering to their mother or father, the fated words, Little boys don't cry, issue forth. Children internalize parental messages regarding gender at an early age, with awareness of adult sex role differences being found in two-year-old children. One study found that children at two and a half years of age use gender stereotypes in negotiating their world and are likely to generalize gender stereotypes to a variety of activities, objects, and occupations (Witt 1997). This legitimization teaches males that boys and men are not allowed to cry. There also exists the belief that boys are often required to do 'men's work' outside of the home such as mowing the lawn, cleaning the garage, etc., and not 'sissy women's work' such as cooking and cleaning, etc. Other factors help to perpetuate certain standards expected of men and boys (Stearns 1990). The violence boy's witness on television further legitimates this belief. Katz explains that advertising imagery equates masculinity with violence. For boys this means aggression is instrumental in that it enables them to establish their masculinity (Katz 1995). Lee Bowker researched the influence advertisements have on youth. He asserts that toy advertisements featuring only boys depict aggressive behavior. Strangely, the aggressive behavior generally results in positive consequences more often than negative. Bowker also looked at commercials with boys that contain references to domination. The results of all the commercials indicate that 68.6% of the commercials positioned toward boys contain incidents of verbal and physical aggression. There was no cross?gender display of aggressive behavior. Interestingly, not one single-sex commercial featuring girls shows any act of aggression (Bowker 1998). This research helps explain that it is not just the reinforcement of close caretakers t o the child that legitimate masculinity but society as a whole (using the television as a symbol of society and it's desires). Another example of how this can be reinforced even by women who may or may not be trying to promulgate such a belief is with an experience I had growing up: When I would get a cut or a bruise, I would muster up all the strength I had to not cry. I feared that if I cried I wouldn't be worthy of being a tough kid. On one occasion I had a severe cut in my knee that required several stitches. When I took a look at the wound after rolling up my pant leg, my first inclination was to break out crying. However, at that moment my teacher told me what a

Support for Gypsies and Travellers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Support for Gypsies and Travellers - Essay Example According to Gypsies and Travellers (2006) unauthorized sites could be classified into two categories. One such type is the unauthorized encampments wherein the gypsies or travelers are parked illegally on land not belonging to them. The other type is called unauthorized developments which are described as sites where they own the land but without the required planning permission (Fraser 2007). Other groups, who are financially capable opt to move into permanent housing but are still socially branded as gypsies (Keltcher 2004). There are no official figures regarding the total number of British gypsies and travelers. However, in Keltcher (2004) estimates the size of these groups put together living in caravans to be between 90,000 to 12,000 excluding the 200,000 residing in settled houses. The July 2004 statistics (in Keltcher 2004) reported that a total of 847 caravans of which 562 were in authorized sites, 76 on authorized private sites and 209 on unauthorized encampments. Thomas ( 2006) cited that the poor accommodation and the shortage of sites to stay is one of the biggest problems faced by the travelers. This is the continuous sickness that the government spends time to search for remedy. There were no polices against the gypsies in terms of their economic engagements during the 19th century. (Acton 1997) However in the 20th century, because of the economic changes, their trades became obsolete and they were forced to move out of their encampment sites. Acton (1997) explained that poorer gypsies resort to caravan while the wealthier ones began to buy land. However this was cut off by the 1960 Caravan Sites (Control of Development) Act (O'nions 1995). Such events led to the formation of the Gypsy Council on December 1966 (Thomas 2006). They demanded camping sites to open in every country, equal rights to education and equal standing through respect between themselves and the already settled neighbors (O'nion 1995). The government then enacted the Caravan Sites Act in 1968 (Acton 1997). Section 6 of this Act gave the Local Government a mandatory duty to provide "adequate accommodations for the gypsies living or staying in their area" (O'nion 1995). In return of such mo ve, the Local Government can apply to the Secretary of State to become a "designated area" (Thomas 2006) Section 10 also gave designated Authorities additional powers to remove Gypsies from unauthorized land within their governed areas (O'nion 1995). These powers were greatly resented because they were granted even before all the Gypsies in an area had a place to stay (Acton 1997). The glorious solution lasted for a short time. In 1977, Sir John Cripps reviewed the implementation and reported that this Act was not properly implemented. Many of the gypsies still had no legal right of abode and societal pressures are still evident. Sir Cripps recommended that the central Government must provide funding. (Regional Spatial Strategy Draft 2000) This was also not the remedy because many Local Authorities still fail to comply with their statutory duty (O'nions 1995). The Councils ignored the new planning circular that called them to assist Travellers to identify land they could buy themsel ves and be developed as sites. This resorted to the shortage of sites thus forcing the gypsies to live on unauthorized encampments (Thomas 2006). The gypsies or travelers moved to unauthorized

The Sahara Desert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Sahara Desert - Essay Example Most of such arid regions are because of the pattern of the Earth’s air circulation as well as the topography of the land. Sahara name its derivation emanates from an Arabic term Sahra meaning wilderness and the Arabic speakers use it to describe the barren nature of such a region. Sahara desert occupies 9.1 million square kilometres, which is almost equal to the area of the United States, which is 9.5 M Km2. The desert stretches all the way from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red sea and it is not only the hottest in the world but also the driest. It covers many countries in Africa especially the northern area. The Atlantic Ocean binds the Sahara desert from the west whereas; the Atlas Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea bind it from the North. In the East, the Red sea binds the desert, finally in the south, the Niger River partly binds the desert, and eventually the desert is exposed to semiarid lands known as the Sahel. Part of Sahara is plateau, which is elevated approximately 395-490 m above sea level. Mount Topside, which is as extinct volcano and the tallest mountain among the mountains of the Sahara, rises up to 3,265 m above sea level. The present deserts lay beneath what were seas in the ancient times. Because of this, ancient sands and calcareous deposits now foam sandstone and limestone found in these deserts. Sahara is a hot desert and the temperatures during summer daytimes exceed 90F for 8 months of the year, and often exceeding 100F (Osborne 27). The world record high temperature of 1370 F was evident in El Azizia, Libya; in North Africa’s Sahara Desert on September 13, 1922. The French colonial meteorologists measured this temperature 5 feet above the ground. The temperatures at night however drop by up to 50F. The nights are cold and in winter, they can fall below freezing (Osborne 27). There are three types of land surfaces in Sahara and they include Erg, Rag and Hamada (Keenan 43). Erg composes of dunes that have formed basins

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

Microeconomics - Essay Example In other words, the firm should produce at a point whereby if it spends a dollar on a unit of labour, this should give us most output as a dollar it spends on extra capital. The above graph shows the point at which the firm minimizes the cost of production. In other words, the iso-cost line is in tangency with the isoquant. This is at the point whereby the last dollar spent on labour yields as must output as the dollar that the firm spends on capital. This is as the below function explains. The slope of the isoquant is the marginal rate of substitution of labour and Capital (MRTSKL). This should be equal to the slope of the iso-cost line (w/r). From the function, the last dollar spent on labour yields MPL/w that is equivalent to the output of the last dollar that the firm spends on capital MPX/r. At this point, the level of production is optimal. In other words, the firm minimizes the cost of production (Quirk, 2012). For a monopolistic firm that is facing a demand curve that is linear, it must produce at a point whereby the demand curve is elastic. In other words, the firm must produce at a point whereby there is a high demand elasticity of price change. This is because for the firm to increase its revenue, it has to sell additional units of output. In addition, for the firm to sell the additional units of output, it has to reduce its prizes per unit. This happens at the point where the demand curve is elastic. At this point, the sale for an extra unit yields more revenue since the percentage decrease of the price is lower than the percentage increase in the quantity demanded (Nicholson, 2008). At any other point other than the elastic point, decrease in price would not result to increase in the revenue. For example, at the inelastic point, the reduction in price would result in a reduction in revenue. This is because the percentage drop-off in price is higher in comparison with the

Carry out a close linguistic analysis of the following texts using any Assignment

Carry out a close linguistic analysis of the following texts using any appropriate analytical approaches encountered in Part 2 o - Assignment Example And perhaps that is where the creativity of the poet comes in, the ability to draw from the entirety of the canon and yet portray it with a fresh perspective as one’s own. In turn, this is what the parody has also attempted to do. The introductory lines of Text One showcase a range of juxtapositions as a literary device. The words ‘dead’ and ‘dull’ give a contrast when read alongside the positive words such as ‘April’, ‘Spring’, and ‘lilacs’. The syntax is also prominent as we are left with various present participles which are placed at the ends of the first five lines. This gives us a feeling that there is movement which is taking place and we are part of the progression. The language is to the point while maintaining its paradoxical beginnings. The alliteration is smooth (‘Winter kept us warm’) and the action of the poem keeps us in a place which is somewhere between and within the present and the past. Another literary device used is the poet’s use of sudden sound effects. An example is the monosyllabic verse execution of line 4, and the /s/ and /l/ which dominate from line 8 onwards. The second text seems to keep none of this in mind and goes along the text as a simple conceptual guide, failing to pick up on the points of formalistic techniques. If anything, it inserts colloquial language at every given opportunity. When comparing both of these texts and attempting to dub one as more ‘literary’ then the other, I find Carter’s systematic analysis a key tool in carrying out such a linguistic analysis. Of course different levels can be used as done by Bradford but that can be done at a later stage. This may be since Carter gives a checklist to work out at the surface levels whereas Bradford’s style calls for a more layered reading of the texts. Using both methods one can achieve both a vertical as well as horizontal understanding of the level of literariness of both the texts. First off, The Wasteland can be read in itself and understood as a work of poetry but perhaps to reach the full meaning one may need an understanding of the works which are incorporated by Eliot. A way of overcoming this is by the index and notes provided by Eliot himself to the poem. The parody, by virtue of being written for the sake of comic reminiscence, requires one to know at the most basic level what it is a parody of whether one understands the parodied or not. In this way, I would place Text One as somewhat medium dependent and Text Two as highly medium dependent. Genre mixing also takes place in both of these texts. The Wasteland uses a number of other languages throughout. In this excerpt Latin and Russian is used. No translation is provided and a consultation outside the text needs to take place. Text Two on the other hand attempts to avoid this. No Latin is used and the Russian employed at the end is given a translation, showing that one need not pay attention to the sounds or the literary effects taking place in the text but simply on the new spun meaning which is accorded by it. The semantic densities of the texts need to be understood as well. There are a number of levels at work in Eliot which are carried over into the parody as well. These levels are of course linguistic levels and depend mostly on sound. Where Eliot focuses on this, the parody

Cultural studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cultural studies - Essay Example Representation of males in the advertisements is also related to American symbols. The taste of this cigarette may be heavy. Only men could enjoy such heavy tastes. That is the reason for using male models. The connotation or idea behind the slogan come to Marlboro country has double meanings. They are the western countryside and America itself. This truly resembles American identity (Wang. 1998.). The advertisement of parliament cigarettes contains some symbolic as well as subliminal message. This type of message is transmitted through plainly visible images as well as objects. These messages aim to appeal the basic instincts of customers. Of course these advertisements have multiple meanings. One view of this ad is that the presence of a female holding a cigarette packet, depicts the importance of smoking in the lives of men is in par of woman. Cigarettes and women have some common case of attraction in the perspective of men. The other meaning could be that parliament cigarettes are not as heavy as other cigarettes. This is evident due to presence of woman in the advertisement. The main difference between the two advertisements is that, the first one depicts masculinity. It is totally male oriented advertisement. The advertisement shows hardness of the situation. However the second ad is not too hard and masculine when compared with the first one. The presence of a woman and a formally dressed gentleman clearly gives the idea that it is lighter in its context as well as attractive to all genders (Ad Analysis Parliament Cigarettes). In politics the chances of err and lie committed by people are quite high. Such behaviour is instrumentally as well as epistemically rational in nature. The practices that are followed in liberal democracy are difficult to improve so that the above mentioned problem can be overtaken. The contemporary political philosophy is an unsuccessful attempt to vindicate on moral and symbolic grounds

Carry out a close linguistic analysis of the following texts using any Assignment

Carry out a close linguistic analysis of the following texts using any appropriate analytical approaches encountered in Part 2 o - Assignment Example And perhaps that is where the creativity of the poet comes in, the ability to draw from the entirety of the canon and yet portray it with a fresh perspective as one’s own. In turn, this is what the parody has also attempted to do. The introductory lines of Text One showcase a range of juxtapositions as a literary device. The words ‘dead’ and ‘dull’ give a contrast when read alongside the positive words such as ‘April’, ‘Spring’, and ‘lilacs’. The syntax is also prominent as we are left with various present participles which are placed at the ends of the first five lines. This gives us a feeling that there is movement which is taking place and we are part of the progression. The language is to the point while maintaining its paradoxical beginnings. The alliteration is smooth (‘Winter kept us warm’) and the action of the poem keeps us in a place which is somewhere between and within the present and the past. Another literary device used is the poet’s use of sudden sound effects. An example is the monosyllabic verse execution of line 4, and the /s/ and /l/ which dominate from line 8 onwards. The second text seems to keep none of this in mind and goes along the text as a simple conceptual guide, failing to pick up on the points of formalistic techniques. If anything, it inserts colloquial language at every given opportunity. When comparing both of these texts and attempting to dub one as more ‘literary’ then the other, I find Carter’s systematic analysis a key tool in carrying out such a linguistic analysis. Of course different levels can be used as done by Bradford but that can be done at a later stage. This may be since Carter gives a checklist to work out at the surface levels whereas Bradford’s style calls for a more layered reading of the texts. Using both methods one can achieve both a vertical as well as horizontal understanding of the level of literariness of both the texts. First off, The Wasteland can be read in itself and understood as a work of poetry but perhaps to reach the full meaning one may need an understanding of the works which are incorporated by Eliot. A way of overcoming this is by the index and notes provided by Eliot himself to the poem. The parody, by virtue of being written for the sake of comic reminiscence, requires one to know at the most basic level what it is a parody of whether one understands the parodied or not. In this way, I would place Text One as somewhat medium dependent and Text Two as highly medium dependent. Genre mixing also takes place in both of these texts. The Wasteland uses a number of other languages throughout. In this excerpt Latin and Russian is used. No translation is provided and a consultation outside the text needs to take place. Text Two on the other hand attempts to avoid this. No Latin is used and the Russian employed at the end is given a translation, showing that one need not pay attention to the sounds or the literary effects taking place in the text but simply on the new spun meaning which is accorded by it. The semantic densities of the texts need to be understood as well. There are a number of levels at work in Eliot which are carried over into the parody as well. These levels are of course linguistic levels and depend mostly on sound. Where Eliot focuses on this, the parody

Materiality in Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Materiality in Auditing - Essay Example Materiality levels of organization are often undisclosed to avoid fraud that may be conducted by the parties involved in preparing financial statements. Analysis of the fundamentalism and the secrecy of materiality are essential in understanding how this concept is applicable in the auditing profession. Materiality is a concept that describes discrepancies in the financial statements that may mislead the decision making process of users of those records (Stuart, 2012). The discrepancies may be included or omitted in the financial statements intentionally or as a result of errors in recording. If users of accounting records would not change their decision after the correction of the discrepancies, the misstatement are said to be immaterial. However, if users of financial statements would change their decisions after the corrections, then the discrepancies are said to be material (Messier, Martinov-Bennie, & Eilifsen, 2005, p. 5). Materiality in the financial statements may be individual or collective. Individual materiality is the one that occurs when a record in an account is recorded wrongly. Collective materiality, on the other hand, is the one that arises when the total discrepancies in two or more accounts of a similar classification mislead decision makers (FRC, 2013). Auditors have to determine the level of discrepancies that they will find to be immaterial and those that are material at the planning stage. The materiality level is usually stated in quantitative figures such as percentages. For example, the auditors may state that a misstatement of the income before tax by 5% and below is immaterial while the error is material of it exceeds this allowance (Lessambo, 2013). Examiners use professional judgement to determine the materiality allowances because there is no formula of calculating the amount. Auditors make their judgements based on their understanding of the factors that influence the decisions of users of financial reports (IAASB, 2009).

Moby Dick Essay Example for Free

Moby Dick Essay Questions 1.The captain, Ahab wants revenge against the great white whale Moby Dick because he lost his leg to the whale. 2.Ishmael is the narrator. The first line is â€Å"Call me Ishmael.† 3.The two allusions are the names of Captain ahab and Ishmael. Referring to Captain Ahab: Ahab is a wicked king who goes against goes against Gods will, Like how captain Ahab goes against the white whale. Referring to Ishmael: Ishmael means â€Å"outcast† or â€Å"wanderer† like how he seams to be the only person who cares anything of the beauty of nature. 4.To Captain Ahab he all that is evil in the universe. To Starbuck, he is just an animal to be killed for oil. To Ishmael, he is nature and all its wonder, both beautiful and terrifing. 5.Melville wrote about whaling to create a cosmic allegory to show the unglamorous a whaling, he had a deep respect for nature and wanted to expose it. The industry was significant because it provided oil for lanterns, streetlamps, and machinery and was the main oil used. 6.Melville set sail for the south pacific when he was 21. 7.Melville befriended Nathaniel Hawthorne while writing Moby Dick. 8.The four harpooners represented different races and ethnic groups of the world bringing the Pequod to be like a symbol for the ship of state, a little democracy. 9.The Pequod is attacked by moby dick and is destroyed. Ahab was caught and shot out of the boat and vanished into the sea. Finally, Ishmael becomes the only survivor of the pequod, he floats around until he is rescued and picked up by another ship, The Rachel. 10.He was unemployed, desperately broke, and took a job as a customs inspector. He was forgotten by the public.Interview Questions to Ahab 1. What exactly did you do on the ship other than plot the death of Moby-Dick? 2. How did you keep up hope that you were actually going to encounter Moby-Dick again?3. How did you recognize and tell Moby Dick apart from all the the other whales in the world?4. Have you wanted to be the captain of a whaling ship your entire life? If not what profession did you aspire before?5. Avoiding sailor colloquial verbiage, can you describe the night of the incident with Moby Dick? Also, do you recommend anyone who is good at making ivory legs if this were to happen to anyone in the future?

Correlations Of Gratitude And Forgiveness Psychology Essay

Correlations Of Gratitude And Forgiveness Psychology Essay Gratitude has only been focused within the field of psychology in the past decade although historically it had been discussed at length in theology, religion and philosophy (Emmons McCullough, 2003). Looking back a little into the past, great philosophers such as Aristotle, Epicurus and La Rochefoucauld were convinced that manifestations of gratitude were due to human beings self interest and messy emotional ties that make people unnecessarily beholden to their benefactors (Harpham, 2000; Roberts, 2000 as cited in McCullough, Emmons, Tsang, 2002). However when this topic was reintroduced into the field of scientific studies, researchers are convince that gratitude has associations with more positive outcomes than the negatives (Naito, Wangwan Tani, 2005; Wood, Joseph, Linley, 2007; Froh, Yurkewicz Kashdan, 2009). According to McCullough, Emmons, Tsang (2002), gratitude like other affects could exist as an affective trait, an emotion or feeling which they called gratitude disposition. It is individuals universal predisposition to distinguish and act in response with gratifying feeling to the actions of those whom provides positive experiences and outcomes. Other scholars working on dispositional gratitude believes that it is interrelate to a more optimistic and enthusiastic attitude toward life (Wood, Jospeh Maltby, 2008; Froh, Yurkewicz Kashdan, 2009). There are four facets (otherwise known as elements) that influence ones gratitude disposition known as intensity, frequency, span and density which co-occurs. The first facet of gratitude disposition is intensity that can be measure by level of thankfulness one feels upon the occurrence of positive event. An individual whom is dispositionally grateful will experience greater intensity of gratefulness as compared to a person whom is less disposed out of the same positive event. Frequency, the second facet can be defined as the number of times an individual feels grateful within an allocated period. Dispositionally grateful individual in general will report experiencing more grateful events a day as compared to their counterparts. Their gratitude might be cause by even the smallest favor or act of courtesy (McCullough, Emmons Tsang, 2002). Gratitude span (the third facet) is, at a given timeframe, the number of life circumstances a person feels grateful for. A dispositionally grateful individual will definitely have more appreciation aspects such as feeling grateful about their families, jobs, friends and even simply living life itself. The last facet of gratitude disposition is density which is reflected by the number of persons an individual feels grateful for a single positive outcome. If a dispositionally grateful person is ask who they appreciate for obtaining good exam results, the list may include many significant others such as parents, teachers, friends, neighbours, siblings (McCullough, Emmons Tsang, 2002). Forgiveness Forgiveness is an action likely to draw two or more individuals, namely the offender and victim closer together as forgiving is universally recognize as a kindly act. No doubt that mounting researches on forgiveness had been carried out yet scholars are more readily to agree upon what forgiveness is not (McCullough, Pargament Thoresen, 2000). Many of them are convinced that forgiveness should be separated from justifying, pardoning, condoning and reconciliation (Rye, Loiacono, Folck, Olszewski, Heim Madia, 2001; Worthingon, Witvliet, Pietrini Miller, 2007; Fincham, 2010). Even until present the precise definition of forgiveness and how to measure it remains an open discussion among psychologists. Rye, Loiacono, Folck, Olszewski, Heim Madia (2001) had compartmentalized forgiveness into two factors called the Absence of Negativity (AN) and the Presence of Positivity (PP). Absence of negativity is measured by negative opinions, affections and action tendencies (disparaging thinking, anger and desire to avoid or retaliate against the offender) one holds towards individual that wronged them. On the other hand, presence of positivity is the extent whereby individuals have love and compassion towards their offenders as well as carrying out favorable action tendencies toward them (Rye et al., 2001). Despite years of research on this character strength psychologists are still unable to come to an agreement whether one or both factors are necessary in the measure of ones forgiveness. Some forgiveness scholars are convinced that absence of negative affect is largely sufficient to define the forgiveness process (Fincham, 2010); others insisted that it is not adequate as they trust experiencing positive affects toward ones transgressor is a critical point in completely forgiving someone (Edwards et al., 2002; Kearns Fincham, 2005). Romig and Veenstra (1998) pointed out that individuals ability to resolve developmental tasks from Eriksons Psychosocial Developmental stages requires both Absence of Negativity (AN) and the Presence of Positivity (PP) in their forgiveness (as cited in Scherbarth, 2007). Worthington (2005) had another interesting explanation mentioning that individuals forgiveness towards strangers is just reducing negative responses but eliminating unforgiveness will be replaced with the positive affects if offender is someone involving family members, colleagues and friends. He suggested that presence of positive affects is only applicable in situations where victim knows the transgressors (Worthington, 2005). In one way or another, measuring forgiveness through these two factors (AN PP) has gained its popularity among psychologists researching this strength. Gender differences in Gratitude and Forgiveness Gender differences are an interesting part in the studies of affective traits including gratitude and forgiveness. Researchers back in the 1990s had begun this research with a broader aspect known as values orientation. Beutel and Marini (1995) advocate that women tend to show apparent gratitude towards interpersonal relationships while men are likely to values competition and materialism. Eisenberg Fabes (1998) showed evidence in their write up titled Prosocial Development that women are more empathic than men, suggesting them to be more people oriented as compared to counterparts. Although both genders display gratitude in daily life, women are believed to be more expressive when it comes to emotions like gratefulness. This also influences them to report experiencing indebtedness more intensely and frequently (Simon Nath, 2004; Gordon, Musher-Eizenman, Holub Dalrymp, 2004; Naito, Wangwan Tani, 2005). A research conducted by Kashdan, Mishra, Breen Froh (2009) had some interesting findings about this topic. They found that women evaluated gratitude to be more interesting and exciting as compared to men, whom reported greater burden and obligation with lesser gratitude upon receiving a gift or favor from others. Besides that, men also mentioned that positive affects will be lesser if their benefactors were of same gender. According to Adetunji Adesida (2008), men may interpret expressions of gratitude as a sign of vulnerability and weakness, which is believe to threaten their masculinity and social reputation. Furthermore, women with higher gratitude are more likely to experience sovereign and fulfilling their belonging needs but men on the other hand may feel vice versa should they portray greater gratitude (Kashdan, Mishra, Breen Froh, 2009). Moving on to forgiveness, Miller, Worthington Mcdaniel (2008) conducted a meta-analytical review on gender differences and forgiveness for 70 researches relating to this theme. The result obtained supported that females are more forgiving as compared to males. The highly possible explanation is that females are prone to be less vengeful as compared to males (Brown, 2004; McCullough, Bellah, Kilpatrick Johnson, 2001). Men are commonly encouraged taking justice into their own hands but women are likely to be taught relationship harmony (Miller, Worthington Mcdaniel, 2008). This practice is common among the Western population whom profoundly observe masculinity and feminine theory in their daily life. However in contrary, Kmiec (2009) had different findings to offer. He found that there were no gender differences in terms of general forgiveness but men were more likely to forgive in recalling a specific incident. He justified when both genders are equal in overall forgiveness, men are less detailed in recalling a particular incident that lead to unforgiveness. Females on the other hand may recall thoughts which they had difficulty in forgiving the offender, even though this does not reflect their ordinary model of forgiving (Kmiec, 2009). Fehr, Gelfand Nag (2010) also duplicated similar result supporting that gender does not differ in terms of forgiveness after analyzing 76 studies containing 11730 participants (r Correlations of Gratitude and Forgiveness Gratitude and forgiveness in modern years had been scientifically proven to have associations that enhance better living among individuals and community at large. Sufficient researches had convinced scholars that both gratitude (Froh, Yurkewicz Kashdan, 2009) and forgiveness (Lawler-Row Piferi, 2006; Ysseldyk, Matheson Anisman, 2007) do correlates in predicting individual subjective well being. Both character strengths are further identified as the sources of interpersonal and intrapersonal strengths that foster a healthy physical and psychological environment. Experimental data confirms that gratitude and forgiveness are positively correlated with optimistic, life satisfactions (Sastre, Vinsonneau, Neto, Girard Mullet, 2003), physical health (Levenson, Aldwin Yancura, 2006; Worthingon, Witvliet, Pietrini Miller, 2007) and environmental mastery (Wood, Joseph Linley, 2007; Hill Allemand, 2010). In contrary, grateful and forgiving individuals are negatively correlated with pessimistic affect such as stress, anxiety and depression (Berry, Worthington, OConnor, Parrott Wade, 2005; Eaton, Struthers, Santelli, 2006; Wood, Maltby, Gillet, Linley Joseph, 2008; Tse Yip, 2009; Gavian, 2011). A recent research done by Froh, Fan, Emmons, Bono, Huebner Watkins (2011) supported that individuals that regularly experience gratitude in life are more likely to enjoy better well being and longer life satisfaction because they are more capable in adjusting to their positive social environment. This idea was built on previous research by McCullough, Kilpatrick, Emmons Larson (2001) highlighting that gratitude emotion essentially serve as a (1) moral barometer, motivating individuals to be sensitive towards the help they receive daily, (2) moral reinforce function that inspire grateful individual to behave prosocially towards others and (3) moral reinforcer function which cultivates benefactors future moral behaviors. Besides that, Allemand, Hill, Ghaemmaghami Martin (2012) had also extended previous findings by using future time perspective as a moderating factor in examining adults forgiveness and subjective well being. They found out that individuals whom believe of having limited future time portray stronger positive association between forgiveness and well being. However the moderating effect does not apply for negative affect and pessimism. The discrepancy obtained indicates that positive affect and negative affect (Lucas, Diener Suh, 1996) as well as optimism and pessimism (Herzberg et al., 2006) are not direct opposite characteristics as suggested in preceding studies. Other than focusing solely on non clinical samples, years worth of experiments also manage to induce both psychologists and medical practitioners to consider that suitable gratitude (Ng Wong, 2013; Joseph Wood, 2010; Wood Tarrier, 2010; Chan, 2008) and forgiveness (Witvliet, Ludwing Laan, 2001; Worthington Scherer, 2004; Carson et. al., 2005; Friedman Toussaint, 2006) interventions will be beneficial towards physically and psychologically ill clients. By adopting gratitude and forgiveness as strength based interventions in helping clinical settings clients to cope with their sicknesses had been verified to be as effective as existing problem focused interventions. For instance Toussaint et. al. (2010) managed to establish that fibromyalgia and chronic fatigues patients showed signs of improvements after learning the art of forgiving during their treatment periods. This is because fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue symptoms are aggravated by patients frustration, anger, stress and fear (Raymond Brown, 2000). Forgiveness is found to be a coping mechanism that will alleviate the exacerbating role of negative emotional reactions hence offering a cure towards these sicknesses (Toussaint et. al., 2010). This favorable outcome was earlier acknowledged by Carson, Keefe, Lynch, Carson, Goli, Fras Trop (2005) mentioning that focusing on positive affects in life instead of thinking about failures in treating illness may be beneficial towards chronic fatigue patients because the sickness is partially convoluted by anger, antipathy and stress as stated above. An excellent supporting reason why gratitude and forgiveness are subjective well being booster and effective clinical interventions is because individuals with these character strengths are also equipped with positive emotional attributions such empathy, self compassion and acceptance (Breen, Kashdan, Lenser Finchman, 2010). Several studies advocate gratitude (McCullough Hoyt, 2002) and forgiveness (Brown, 2003; Paleari, Regalia Fincham, 2005) to positively correlates with both cognitive (scenario attributions) and affective (feeling the victims emotion) aspects of empathy. Grateful and forgiving individuals are prone to understand others better by analyzing situations from others point of views which circuitously improve their social supports and interpersonal relationship. Besides empathy, self compassion also reflects an individuals warmth and perspective taking towards self and others. According to Werner, Jazaieri, Goldin, Ziv, Heimberg Gross (2012), self compassion can be defined as the talent to hold a kind and non-judgmental perspective of oneself and be conscious of the similarities between self and others. According to Fehr, Gelfand Nag (2010), self compassion within the context of forgiveness is seen to enhance victims perceptive of why their offenders might have affronted them. This will indirectly reduce their urge for vengeance and anger hence improves the likelihood of forgiveness to occur. The ultimate outcome of these individuals would be healthier physical and better recovery from sickness due to the reduction in unnecessary stress and anger. Lastly, acceptance which is known as individuals willingness in opening up to experiences, thoughts, feelings, physical sensations as well as life events also proved to show indirect relations with gratitude and forgiveness (Breen, Kashdan, Lenser Finchman, 2010). Acceptance provides individuals a platform to respond accordingly to situational demands by fully experiencing every occurring event. By having high level of acceptance individual will be sensitive towards the good deed others had done for them that indirectly elevate their gratitude level. On the other hand, forgiveness and acceptance are related in the direction of embracing negative events while responding with objectivity and litheness. Both of these character strengths will then foster good resiliency for individuals to cope with difficult, unsuspected downturn in life. In short, gratitude and forgiveness may oblige discrete attributions (McCullough, Emmons Tsang, 2002) but share a common conceptually linked as positively valence, portraying empathic characters that is associated with both psychological and physical health. It is strongly believed that literatures presented here are both promising and convincing for current research to focus in exploring the correlations between gratitude and forgiveness within same Asian sample group. References 2.4: Wong, W. S., Ng, M. Y. (2013). The differential effects of gratitude and sleep on psychological distress in patients with chronic pain. Journal of Health Psychology, 18(2), 263-271. DOI: 10.1177/1359105312439733 Ysseldyk, R., Matheson, K., Anisman, H. (2007). Rumination: Bridging a gap between forgiveness, vengefulness and psychological health. Personality and Individual Di ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erences, 42, 1573-1584. DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2006.10.032 Lawler-Row, K. A., Piferi, R. L. (2006). The forgiving personality: Describing a life well lived? Personality and Individual Di ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erences, 41, 1009-1020. DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.007 Sastre, M. T. M., Vinsonneau, G., Neto, F., Girard, M., Mullet, E. (2003). Forgivingness and satisfaction with life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4, 323-335. Retrieved from http://www.unice.fr/lasmic/PDF/girard-article-4.pdf Levenson, M. R., Aldwin, C. M., Yancura, L. (2006). Positive emotional change: Mediating effects of forgiveness and spirituality. Journal of Science and Healing, 2(6), 498-508. DOI:10.1016/j.explore.2006.08.002 Hill, P., Allemand, M. (2010). Forgivingness and adult patterns of individual differences in environmental mastery and personal growth. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 245-250. DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.01.006 Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., Jr., OConnor, L. E., Parrott, L., III, Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73(1), 183-226. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00308.x Eaton, J., Structhers, C. W., Santelli, A. G. (2006). Dispositional and state forgiveness: The role of self-esteem, need for structure, and narcissism. Personality and Individual Di ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erences, 41, 371-380. DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2006.02.005 Tse, W. S., Yip, T. H. J. (2009). Relationship among dispositional forgiveness of others, interpersonal adjustment and psychological well-being: Implication for interpersonal theory of depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 365-368. DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.001 Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress and depression: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 854-871. DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.11.003 Froh, J. J., Fan, J., Emmons, R. A., Bono, G., Huebner, E. S., Watkins, P. (2011). Measuring gratitude in youth: Assessing the psychometric properties of adult gratitude scales in children and adolescents. Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1037/a0021590 McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127(2), 249-266. DOI: 10.1037//0033-2909.127.2.249 Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., Suh, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 616-628. Retrieved from http://nreilly.asp.radford.edu/psy650/discriminant%20validity%20of%20well%20being%20measures.pdf Herzberg, P. Y., Glaesmer, H., Hoyer, J. (2006). Separating optimism and pessimism: A robust psychometric analysis of the Revised Life-Orientation Test (LOT-R). Psychological Assessment, 18, 433-438. DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.18.4.433 Chan, D. W. (2008). Gratitude interventions: Beyond stress debriefing and survivor therapy in the aftermath of the Sichuan earthquake. Educational Research Journal, 23(2), 163-178. Retrieved from http://hkier.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/journal/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/erj_v23n2_163-178.pdf Joseph, S., Wood, A. (2010). Assessment of positive functioning in clinical psychology: Theoretical and practical issues. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 830-838. DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.002 Wood, A. M., Tarrier, N. (2010). Positive clinical psychology: A new vision and strategy for integrated research and practice. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 819-829. DOI:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.003 Witvliet, C. O., Ludwig, T. E., Laan, K. L. V. (2001). Granting forgiveness or harboring grudges: Implications for emotion, physiology and health. Psychological Science, 12(2), 117-123. Retrieved from http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/images/uploads/VanOyenWitvliet-GrantingForgiveness.pdf Worthington, E. L., Scherer, M. (2004). Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: Theory, review and hypotheses. Psychology and Health, 19(3), 385-405. DOI: 10.1080/0887044042000196674 Toussaint, L., Overvold-Ronningen, M., Vincent, A., Luedtke, C., Whipple, M., Schriever, T., Luskin, F. (2010). Implications of forgiveness enhancement in patients with Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 16(3), 123-139. DOI: 10.1080/08854726.2010.492713 Friedman, P. H., Toussaint, L. (2006). Changes in forgiveness, gratitude, stress and well being during psychotherapy: An integrative, evidence-based approach. Wholistic Healing Publication, 6(2), 1-21. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/1007794/Changes_in_forgiveness_gratitude_stress_and_well-being_during_psychotherapy_An_integrative_evidence-based_approach McCullough, M. E., Hoyt, W. T. (2002). Transgression-related motivational dispositions: Personality substrates of forgiveness and their links to the Big Five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(11), 1556-1573. DOI: 10.1177/014616702237583 Brown, R. P. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive: Construct validity and links with depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(6), 759-771. DOI: 10.1177/0146167203029006008 Paleari, F. G., Regalia, C., Fincham, F. (2005). Marital quality, forgiveness, empathy and rumination: A longitudinal analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 368-378. DOI: 10.1177/0146167204271597 Werner, K. H., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., Ziv, M., Heimberg, R. G., Gross, J. J. (2012). Self compassion and social anxiety disorder. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 25(5), 543-558. DOI:10.1080/10615806.2011.608842 Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experimental approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press. Retrieved from http://irhealthpsychology.com/files/site1/pages/Free_Books/acceptance_and_commitment_therapy.pdf Raymond, M. C., Brown, J. B. (2000). Experience of Fibromyalgia. Qualitative Study. Canadian Family Physician, 46, 1100-1106. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2144885/pdf/canfamphys00027-0114.pdf Carson, J. W., Keefe, F. J., Lynch, T. R., Carson, K. M., Goli, V., Fras, A. M., Trop, S. R. (2005). Loving-kindness meditation for chronic low back pain. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 23(3), 287-304. DOI: 10.1177/0898010105277651 ______________________________________________________________________________ References 2.3: Beutel, A. M., Marini, M. M. (1995). Gender and values. American Sociological Review, 60(3), 436-448. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096423 Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (5th ed.). Social, emotional, and personality development (Vol. 3, pp. 701-778). New York: Wiley. Simon, R. W., Nath, L. E. (2004). Gender and emotion in the United States: Do men and women differ in self reports of feelings or expressive behavior? American Journal of Sociology, 109, 1137-1176. Retrieved from http://www.fsu.edu/~soc/people/simon/simon_gender.pdf Gordon, A. K., Musher-Eizenman, D. R., Holub, S. C., Dalrymp, J. (2004). What are children thankful for? An archival analysis of gratitude before and after the attacks of September 11. Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 541-553. DOI:10.1016/j.appdev.2004.08.004 Kashdan, T. B., Mishra, A., Breen, W. E., Froh, J. J. (2009). Gender differences in gratitude: Examining appraisals, narratives, the willingness to express emotions and changes in psychological needs. Journal of Personality, 77(3), 1-40. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00562.x Adetunji, B., Adesida, A. A. (2008). Reconstructing masculinity and power in Africa through open distance learning for sustainable development: A critical analysis of Wole Soyinkas climate of fear. In C. I. Ofulue (General Ed.), T. T. Gefu., F. Gbenoba., F. K. Olakulehin., G. Olufemi (ed.), Proceedings of the 2nd ACDE conference and general assembly, (pp. 276-289). Victoria Island, Lagos. Brown, R. P. (2004). Vengeance is mine: Narcissism, vengeance, and the tendency to forgive. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 576-584. DOI:10.1016/j.jrp.2003.10.003 McCullough,M.E., Bellah, G. C., Kilpatrick, S. D.,Johnson, J. L. (2001). Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being, and the Big Five. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 601-610. Retrieved from http://www.psy.miami.edu/faculty/mmccullough/Papers/McCullough.pdf Miller, A. J., Worthington, E. L., Mcdaniel, M. A. (2008). Gender and forgiveness: A meta-analytic review and research agenda. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(8), 843-876. Retrieved from http://www.people.vcu.edu/~mamcdani/Publications/Miller,%20Worthington%20%20McDaniel%20(2008).pdf Fehr, R., Gelfand, J., Nag, M. (2010). The road to forgiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis of its situational and dispositional correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 136(5), 894-914. DOI: 10.1037/a0019993 References 2.2: McCullough, M. E., Pargament, K. I., Thoresen, C. E. (2000). The psychology of forgiveness: History, conceptual issues, and overview. In M.E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, C. E. Thoresen (Eds.) Forgiveness: Theory, research and practice (pp. 1-14). New York: Guilford Press. Worthington, E. L., Witvliet, C. V. O., Pietrini, P., Miller, A. J. (2007). Forgiveness, health and well being: A review of evidence for emotional versus decisional forgiveness, dispositional forgivingness and reduced unforgiveness. Journals of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 291-302. DOI: 10.1007/s10865-007-9105-8 Fincham, F. D. (2010). Forgiveness: Integral to a science of close relationships? In M. Mikulincer P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Prosocial motives, emotions and behavior: The better angels of our nature (pp. 347-365). Washington, DC, US. Worthington, E. L. Jr. (2005). More questions about forgiveness: Research agenda for 2005-2015. In E. L. Worthington Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 557-575). New York: Brunner-Routledge. Kearns, J.N., Fincham, F.D. (2005). Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal transgressions: Self-serving or relationship-serving biases? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 321-333. DOI: 10.1177/0146167204271594 Scherbarth, A. J. (2007). Psychological abuse and health: What role does forgiveness play? (Master dissertation). University of North Texas. (Unpublished Thesis). Retrieved from http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3918/m2/1/high_res_d/thesis.pdf

Paranoia Essay -- Psychology Essays

Paranoia If it has been confirmed that brain equals behavior, then why don't we fear our own thought processes? Persons with paranoia disorder are not aware that they are in fear of their own brains, but in some respect fear of oneself and what ones brain can create is exactly what persons with paranoia disorder experience. Everyone experiences small doses and bouts of paranoia on nearly a daily basis, but not everyone exists on its affects. Those with paranoia disorder deal with a constant nagging that they cannot control because it tends to control them, hence your brain as your enemy. Though the causes of paranoia are not clearly defined in either social or medical fields, the obvious truth is that paranoia stems from the brain and the nervous system causing persons to be "highly suspicious of other people" (4). According to studies paranoia stems from several possible areas. "Potential factors may be genetics, neurological abnormalities, [and] changes in brain chemistry. Acute, or sh ort-term paranoia may occur in some individuals overwhelmed by stress" (4). In terms of genetics, paranoia is not defined as something strictly hereditary, however there is a tendency towards its occurrence in families with members with schizophrenia or other mental disorders (6). Socially speaking paranoia appears to be passed down from parent to child through shear exposure and environment. If certain personality traits are innate within a person, than the possibility of a genetic inclination towards paranoia does not appear way off base. This of course stems from discussion on whether or not personality is developed or innate. In almost everything somebody does, his or her personality comes through. The question of nature versu... ...es that force themselves to become "aware" of their surroundings and insecure around all those surrounding them. 1) On the Couch: Faces of Paranoia http://www.iht.com/cgi-bin/search.cgi 2) Paranoia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000938.htm 3) Paranoid Personality Disorder http://health.yahoo.com/health/encyclopedia/000938/0.html 4 Paranoid Personality Disorder http://www.hendrickhealth.org/healthy/001021.htm#Causesandsymptoms 5) Self Protection or Delusion? The Many Varieties of Paranoia http://www.nytimes.com/auth/login?URI=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/01/health/psychology/01BEHA.html&OQ=exQ3D1050465600Q26enQ3Df319c80176a7dff0Q26eiQ3D5070&OP=d5153a6Q2FQ2AoRzQ2AQ24FhQ3CsFFAQ5BQ2AQ5B55Q3BQ2A5HQ2A5Q20Q2AQ25Rn,AQ25Q2AjQ3CbhQ25F,FIbQ2A5Q20Q7CG)OxQ25Ad, 6) Useful Information on Paranoia http://www.hoptechno.com/paranoia.htm

The Selfish Linda Loman in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essay

The Selfish Linda Loman in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman      Ã‚  Ã‚   Linda, a character from Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" is a selfish housewife. She pretends to care about her husband, but in reality, prefers that he kill himself so that she can live an easier life. Linda is given nothing but motive for wanting her husband, Willy, to die because of the ways he mistreats her. For example, during a family conversation in Act I, Linda, trying to put in a few words, says, "Maybe things are beginning to change-," with Willy coming in right after her, "(wildly enthused, to Linda)Stop interrupting!..."(1187) Linda, trying desperately to be a part of the conversation, is constantly denied her voice. Always under Willy's control, Linda is treated as if she is allowed to speak when he gives her permission. In another conversation in Act I between Biff, Happy, and Linda, more evidence of Willy mistreating Linda is provided: "Linda: It seems there's a woman...(She takes a breath as-) Biff: (sharply but contained) What woman? Linda: (simultaneously) ...and this woman... Linda: What? Biff: Nothing. I just said what woman."(1184) During this conversation, Linda is introducing the idea to Biff and Happy that Willy's car accidents might not have been accidents. She is telling of a woman that was a witness to the wreck, but a twist comes into the conversation. It seems that Biff is quick on making an assumption about who the woman is, and Linda shows a suspicious tone to Biff's reply. This time implies that Linda is aware that Willy is unfaithful to her, providing another way he mistreats her. In Guerin Bliquez's essay over "Death of a Salesman", she states, "But betrayal exposes the basic dishonesty of th... ...was helpful. She had a job of destruction and definitely helped Willy with his troubles. Helped him so much that eventually he committed suicide. Now she has the ability to say she married a successful man, maybe dead, but successful. Works Cited: Bliquez, Guerin. "Linda's Role in 'Death of a Salesman'," in Modern Drama, Vol. 10, No. 4, February, 1968, pp. 383-86. RPTD in Drama Criticism, Vol. 1. Gale Research Inc.. 1991. 322. Dillingham, Wiliam B.. "Arthur Miller and the Loss of Conscience" in Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman. Penguin Group. 1967. 344. Miller, Arthur. "Death of a Salesman" in Literature, Reading, Reacting, Writing, Compact Fourth Edition. Harcourt, Inc.. 2000. 1187, 1184, 1221, 1229, & 1230. Schlueter, June. Essay over "Death of a Salesman" in Arthur Miller-Criticism and Interpretation. The Ungar Publishing Company. 1987. 65.

Leadership Styles in Professional Nursing Essay

Leadership is a very important aspect within the realm of Nursing. With constantly evolving technology, poor economics leading to major hospital cutbacks, and healthcare reforms, strong nursing leadership has never been more important or necessary. Hood (2010) defines leadership as a process of influencing others to attain mutually agreed upon goals. We will discuss the differences between leadership and management. In addition, we will examine 2 types of leadership styles: Transactional and Transformational and address the effectiveness of both styles in achieving high quality of nursing performance. Leadership vs. Management Many people think of management and leadership as interchangeable. However, there is a stark difference between the two. In defining leadership and management, the one crucial difference is that a person with leadership has the ability to persuade/influence others into following their vision and putting the needs of a group ahead of an individual’s own personal needs (McGuire & Kinnerley, 2006). Leaders have this ability to inspire by employing enthusiasm, hope, optimism, and innovative methods. Leadership does entail having some management characteristics, but lacks the positional power to bring their visions to life. Management is usually an appointed position within a company (Hood, 2010). Performance standards for managers often require emphasis on transactional projects such as budgets, productivity, and quality monitoring (McGuire & Kinnerley, 2006). Management does not equate to having leadership abilities because an organization’s structure often dictates that a manager’s priority should be facilitating and promoting smooth operations within a workplace (Carney, 2009). Managers are troubleshooters and problem solvers, who are more or less interested in maintaining production and profits. Transformational Leadership In 1978, James McGregor Burn (1978) developed the theory of transformational leadership and described it, â€Å"A process that motivates subordinates by appealing to higher ideals and moral values†. A transformational leader is someone that helps shape development of staff through empowerment and stimulating creativity and innovation within the workplace (Sellgren, Ekvell, & Tomson, 2006). Under this style of leadership, relationships to employees and concern for their well-being is just as important as completing the tasks (Hood, 2010). The transformational leader often uses their enthusiasm, close underlying interpersonal relationships, and vision to increase the motivation of their peers/co-workers to stay persistent and diligent through completion of organizational goals and tasks. This type of leadership can be equally effective under the most stressful circumstances by keeping focus on employee satisfaction and promising the employee a better future (Allen, 1998). According to S. Sellgren et al. (2006), studies have shown a correlation between transformational leadership and nursing quality. Transformational leadership has been proven very effective in increasing productivity and staff cohesion. As a result of staff cohesion, consensus amongst staff evolves and develops. Consensus is effective because all persons feel that they have made a contribution in the decision-making process regarding unit practices/policies. And although it takes more time to reach a consensus, the participants have made a commitment to execute the decisions (Hood, 2010). Transactional Leadership Transactional leadership uses strategy that is founded on the principles of incentives and punishments (Hood, 2010). Motivation is thought to be derived from responses to positive and negative reinforcers. If employees or subordinates perform hard work and meet certain criteria or expectations, then they are rewarded with something of value (i.e. increased salary, bonuses, promotions, etc†¦). However, if they fail to meet goals or expectations, then they face some form of punishment (i.e. probation, demotion, termination). This type of leadership system is much more task oriented and focuses very little on employee relationships (Hood, 2010). A transactional leader is much more focused on structure, role expectations and the possibility of reward to staff (Sellgren, Ekvell, & Tomson, 2006). It seems however there are benefits to this type of system. According to B.M. Bass (1985),† The ultimate outcome of such contingent reward behavior is enhanced role clarity, job satisfaction, and improved performance†. This style of leadership appears to be most effective in occupations relating to sales and commissions. Commission based jobs that rely on strong job performances to either establish income or supplement salaried income respond effectively to this style of leadership. However, the disadvantage to this type of leadership is that commitment is variable and negotiable, and any personal incentive/motivation an employee may have to increase job performance diminishes until it’s rewarded (Sellgren, Ekvell, & Tomson, 2006). In addition, because this leadership style is so structured, it leaves little room for creative expansion or employee job satisfaction (McGuire & Kinnerley, 2006). Leadership Styles and Nursing Within healthcare settings, skill and knowledge are vital ingredients needed by a nurse in a leadership position. Because of the many medical advancements and changes that take place in healthcare, it necessitates that nursing leadership become more results oriented, creative, and innovative within their respected units (Gellis, 2001). Within nursing, transactional leadership would have few benefits if applied. It does benefit healthcare organizations in combating staffing issues relating to nursing shortages. Incentive pay to pick up extra shifts has always been instrumental for organizations in need of nursing coverage. However, the overall methods of rewards and punishment would do very little to inspire nurses to increase their quality of nursing care. Patient outcomes would be greatly compromised if care was solely based on reward. Compromising patient care based on lack of reward and/ punishment would be highly unethical and in complete violation of the ANA’s standards of care. Research has always supported that transformational leadership is more effective than transactional leadership because it increases a supportive climate where individual differences are recognized, two-way communication is promoted, and effective listening skills are valued (Bass, 1985). This leadership style also increases conformity, adaptation, diligence, and commitment from employees/followers. The need for transformational leadership in nursing is great because it encourages nurses to become improved problem-solvers, visionaries, communicators, researchers, and educators. Transformation leadership is often a process that is learned and cultivated through experience, empowerment, and self-exploration (Hood, 2010). However, when nurses are placed into leadership positions reluctantly or prematurely, the lack of education for the role and uncertainties about what leadership in nursing means takes place and leads to ineffective leadership abilities (Carney, 2009). Nurses receive informal on-the-job training for leadership positions by learning self-management skills, social capabilities, and job proficiency skills (Hood, 2010). It must be noted that shared leadership is probably the most effective way for providing staff the effective skills/ tools needed for problem solving (Kerfoot & Wantz, 2003). However, not all nurses have the self-belief or confidence to apply these acquired skills to leadership positions. One way of encouraging more nurses to assume leadership positions is by formalizing leadership training sessions which would help nurses learn and/ reinforce skills relating to communication, motivation, conflict resolution, organizational analysis, and building effective teams (Kerfoot & Wantz, 2003) . By investing in formalized leadership training, it helps to empower nurses while also promoting future growth of inspirational leadership which could lead to improvements in patient care/outcomes and organizational advancements for futu re generations. Conclusion There are two different styles of leadership: Transformational and Transactional. Transformational leadership influences followers to place their personal needs aside for the benefit of a leader’s vision/goals through empowerment, inspiration, and motivation. Transactional leadership is founded on the incentives of reward or punishment and offers little incentive to become a visionary. Transformational leadership appears to be more effective in nursing because it promotes adaptation, communication skills, visionary pursuit, and occupational growth to a rapidly changing industry. 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